Skin Cancer Essays (1144 words) - RTT, Dermatologic Surgery

Skin Cancer Every hour one American is killed by skin cancer and every thirty seconds one American gets skin cancer. Cancer is a deadly disease that alters the DNA of a skin cell and causes it to reproduce at a rapid pace. This overproduction of cells can be harmful and in many cases deadly. Out of these cancers the most common is Basal cell carcinoma. Many steps have been made in the treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma, some have been very successful and some not. The cells that have the altered DNA are called malignant or cancerous cells. These cells are found in the outer layers of the skin. The skin's main job is to protect the body from infections and to insulate the body to keep it at the proper temperature. The first layer of skin is called the epidermis. This is the layer that is closest to the surface of the skin. There are three types of cells in this layer. The first is the squamace. The squamace cells are flat and scaly and are located closest to the surface of the skin. Second are the basal cells and finally are the melanocytes, which give the skin its color. The second layer of skin is the dermis, which is much thicker than the epidermis. This layer contains sweat glands, nerves and blood vessels. The dermis also contains follicles, which are tiny pockets from which the hair grows. The most common malignant cells are the basal cells. Cancer in the basal cell is called nonmelanoma cancer. This means that the cancer did not start in the melanocytes located in the epidermis. Basal Cell Carcinoma is caused by overexposure to the sun. The sun gives off ultraviolet rays, which are harmful to the human body. Basal cell carcinoma will affect body parts such as the eyes, ears and nose. If it is detected before it gets deep into the skin there will most likely be no problem treating the cancer. A problem will occur if it isn't detected quickly enough and it has progressed into the deep portions of the tissue. If Basal cell carcinoma is left untreated it can be very hard to treat and may even cause death. The common methods of treatment involve the use of Mohs micrographic surgery, radiation therapy, electrodesiccation and curettage, and simple excision. Each of these methods is useful in specific clinical situations. Depending on the case, these methods have cure rates ranging from 85% to 95%. Mohs micrographic surgery, a newer surgical technique, has the highest cure rate for surgical treatment of both primary and recurrent tumors. This method uses microscopic control to determine the extent of tumor invasion. Although Mohs micrographic surgery method is complicated and requires special training, it has the highest cure rate of all surgical treatments because the tumor is microscopically outlined until it is completely removed. While other treatment methods for recurrent basal cell carcinoma have failure rates of about 50%, cure rates have been reported at 96% when treated by Mohs micrographic surgery. "Mohs micrographic surgery is also indicated for tumors with poorly defined clinical borders, tumors with diameters larger than two cm, tumors with histopathologic features showing morpheaform or sclerotic patterns, and tumors arising in regions where maximum preservation of uninvolved tissue is desirable, such as eyelid, nose and finger." Next there is a treatment involving simple excision with frozen or permanent sectioning for margin evaluation. This traditional surgical treatment usually relies on surgical margins ranging from three to ten millimeters, depending on the diameter of the tumor. Tumor recurrence is not uncommon because only a small fraction of the total tumor margin is examined pathologically. Recurrence rate for primary tumors greater than 1.5 cm in diameter is at least twelve percent within five years. If the primary tumor measures larger than three cm, the five year recurrence rate is 23.1%. Primary tumors of the ears, eyes, scalp, and nose have recurrence rates ranging from 12.9% to 25%. Third there is electrodesiccation and curettage. This method is the most widely employed method for removing primary basal cell carcinomas. Although it is a quick method for destroying tumor, adequacy of treatment cannot be assessed immediately since the surgeon cannot visually detect the depth of microscopic tumor invasion. Tumors with diameters ranging from two to five mm have a fifteen percent recurrence rate after treatment with electrodesiccation and curettage. When tumors larger than three cm is treated with electrodesiccation and curettage, a 50% recurrence rate should be expected within five years. The fourth type is radiation therapy. Radiation

Free Essays on Home Depot

Home Depot stores offer a broad assortment of merchandise and services, and serve three primary customer groups: do-it-yourself customers, do-it-for-me customers and professional customers. A typical Home Depot store stocks approximately 40,000 to 50,000 product items, including variations in color and size. Major product groups include building materials, lumber and millwork; plumbing, electrical and kitchen; hardware and seasonal, and paint, flooring and wall coverings. To complement the national brand name products it offers, the Company has formed strategic alliances with vendor partners to market products under brand names that are only offered through The Home Depot. As of fiscal year-end 2001, the Company offered products under more than 30 proprietary and other exclusive brands, including Thomasville kitchen and bathroom cabinets; RIDGID power tools; Behr Premium Plus paint; Mill's Pride cabinets; GE SmartWater water heaters, and Vigoro fertilizer. Founded in 1978, in Atlanta, Georgia, The Home Depot is the world's largest home improvement retailer currently operating 1,459 stores, including 1,312 Home Depot stores, 50 EXPO Design Centers, one Floor Store and three HD Landscape Supply stores in the United States, 84 Home Depot stores in seven Canadian provinces, seven Home Depot stores in Puerto Rico and ten in Mexico. The company reported net sales for fiscal 2001 of $53.6 billion and employs approximately 280,000 people. The Home Depot is credited as being the innovator in the home improvement retail industry by combining the economies of scale inherent in a warehouse format with a level of customer service unprecedented among warehouse-style retailers. Home Depot stores cater to do-it-yourselfers, as well as home improvement, construction and building maintenance professionals. Each Home Depot store stocks approximately 40,000 to 50,000 different kinds of building materials, home improvement supplies and lawn an... Free Essays on Home Depot Free Essays on Home Depot Home Depot stores offer a broad assortment of merchandise and services, and serve three primary customer groups: do-it-yourself customers, do-it-for-me customers and professional customers. A typical Home Depot store stocks approximately 40,000 to 50,000 product items, including variations in color and size. Major product groups include building materials, lumber and millwork; plumbing, electrical and kitchen; hardware and seasonal, and paint, flooring and wall coverings. To complement the national brand name products it offers, the Company has formed strategic alliances with vendor partners to market products under brand names that are only offered through The Home Depot. As of fiscal year-end 2001, the Company offered products under more than 30 proprietary and other exclusive brands, including Thomasville kitchen and bathroom cabinets; RIDGID power tools; Behr Premium Plus paint; Mill's Pride cabinets; GE SmartWater water heaters, and Vigoro fertilizer. Founded in 1978, in Atlanta, Georgia, The Home Depot is the world's largest home improvement retailer currently operating 1,459 stores, including 1,312 Home Depot stores, 50 EXPO Design Centers, one Floor Store and three HD Landscape Supply stores in the United States, 84 Home Depot stores in seven Canadian provinces, seven Home Depot stores in Puerto Rico and ten in Mexico. The company reported net sales for fiscal 2001 of $53.6 billion and employs approximately 280,000 people. The Home Depot is credited as being the innovator in the home improvement retail industry by combining the economies of scale inherent in a warehouse format with a level of customer service unprecedented among warehouse-style retailers. Home Depot stores cater to do-it-yourselfers, as well as home improvement, construction and building maintenance professionals. Each Home Depot store stocks approximately 40,000 to 50,000 different kinds of building materials, home improvement supplies and lawn an... Free Essays on Home Depot Basic Company and Industry Information Bernie Marcus and Author Blank founded Home Depot in Georgia in 1978. The first few stores were attached to Treasure Island stores and stocked around 25,000 products. What started out as a small neighborhood hardware store soon sprouted as the largest home improvement store in the nation. It wasn’t before long that Home Depot (HD) shares were being traded publicly on the New York Stock Exchange. Today, Home Depot is a member of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and is one of the â€Å"Top Ten Most Admired Companies† by Fortune magazine, which also ranked The Home Depot as â€Å"America’s Most Admired Specialty Retailer† for the seventh consecutive year. This company only goes up with increasing net sales and net profit. The main ingredient to Home Depot’s success is not only the number of stores there are, but the diverse types of customers they attract. Home Depot attracts contractors, other retail stores, the do it yourselfer, and the average John Doe shopper. Home Depot is also attracting more and more women by increasing and expanding their EXPO Design stores which focuses on wall paper and other types of remodeling. So, whether you’re a contractor looking for lumber to build a house or John Doe who just broke his door handle and is looking to buy a new one, the Home Depot is your one stop superstore. What makes the Home Depot such a pleasant place to shop is the 201,000 friendly and knowledgeable sales associates. Home Depot forces their employees through a rigorous training program to ensure that which ever department they work in, they know the products they’re selling and have the customer service skills to sell it. Home Depot offers their employee’s stock options and 401(k) retirement plans. On the whole, this is just a few of the many reasons why Home Depot has such a low turnover rate on the average when being compared to other large retail chains. Even though Home D...

Reading Comprehension for Students With Dyslexia

Reading Comprehension for Students With Dyslexia Students with dyslexia often focus so much on sounding out each word they miss the meaning of what they are reading. This deficiency in reading comprehension skills can cause problems not only in school but throughout a persons life. Some of the problems that occur are a lack of interest in reading for pleasure, poor vocabulary development and difficulties in employment, especially in job positions where reading would be required. Teachers often spend a great deal of time helping children with dyslexia learn to decode new words, decoding skills and improving reading fluency. Sometimes reading comprehension is overlooked. But there are many ways teachers can help students with dyslexia improve their reading comprehension skills. Reading comprehension is not just one skill but a combination of many different skills. The following provides information, lesson plans and activities to help teachers work to improve reading comprehension skills in students with dyslexia: Making Predictions A prediction is a guess as to what will happen next in a story. Most people will naturally make predictions while they read, however, students with dyslexia have a hard time with this skill. This can be because their focus is on sounding out words rather than thinking about the meaning of the words. Summarizing Being able to summarize what you read not only helps in reading comprehension but also helps students retain and remember what they read. This is also an area students with dyslexia find difficult. Vocabulary Learning new words in print and word recognition are both problem areas for children with dyslexia. They may have a large spoken vocabulary but cannot recognize words in print. The following activities can help build vocabulary skills: 15 Tips for Developing Word Recognition SkillsFlash Cards for Word RecognitionLesson Plan: Using Art to Increase Vocabulary Skills in Students with Dyslexia Organizing Information Another aspect of reading comprehension that students with dyslexia have a problem with is organizing the information they have read. Often, these students will rely on memorization, oral presentations or following other students rather than internally organizing information from written text. Teachers can help by providing an overview before reading, using graphic organizers and teaching students to look for how information is organized in a story or book. Inferences Much of the meaning we derive from reading is based on what is not said. This is implied information. Students with dyslexia understand literal material but have a harder time finding hidden meanings and making inferences. Using Contextual Clues Many adults with dyslexia rely on contextual clues to understand what is read because other reading comprehension skills are weak. Teachers can help students develop contextual skills to help improve reading comprehension. Using Previous Knowledge When reading, we automatically use our personal experiences and what we have previously learned to make the written text more personal and meaningful. Students with dyslexia may have a problem connecting prior knowledge to written information. Teachers can help students activate prior knowledge by pre-teaching vocabulary, providing background knowledge and creating opportunities to continue building background knowledge.

Foundation clinical skills for community care Essay

Foundation clinical skills for community care - Essay Example Abstract conceptualization allows me to understand what I have personally experienced by going through a deeper level of thinking and reasoning. On the other hand, it is also possible for me to learn by understanding such that whatever I have learned and understand out of observation and reflection will be directly used and applied within the hospital setting (Atherton, 2005). The five skill sets include the following: (1) the importance of communication in patient assessment and clinical recording; (2) tissue viability in wound care and pain management; (3) continence assessment and management particularly when a patient on antibiotic asked me to carry out OptiFlo ® S irrigation (hospital policy strictly prohibits OptiFlo ® S irrigation among patients who are on antibiotics); (4) importance of keeping up-to-date with knowledge and skills on the proper intravenous access and management; and (5) importance of good communication in palliative care. With the use of the Gibbs model of reflection, I will reflect upon the five skill sets which I have learned through experience. The aim of this study is to enable the learner to have the opportunity to reflect upon five skill sets that was personally experienced by the student within the hospital/clinical setting. By doing so, the student will be able to learn and understanding the importance of skill sets better. I have personally experienced assessing the patients’ health condition prior to patient admission and eventually recording the assessment on the patients’ individual charts. When assessing the patient, I feel that the patient trusted me by verbally stating out her chief complaints. Upon evaluating the entire scenario, I thought that it was literally good for the patient to trust me with her physical health condition even though she knows that I am a student nurse. Basically, the trust that the patient has given me enabled us to have a two-way communication during the patient

Develop informal communication networks and roles in the workplace Essay - 3

Develop informal communication networks and roles in the workplace - Essay Example Informal communication is a workplace transmission of messages not official. Formal networks involve establishments formed to enable communication. A workplace system represents how communication flows in the institution. An informal network includes sharing of unofficial information through the workplace and social media (Drafke, 2009). Formal network communication entails communicating with other employees through official networks. Formal network in the organization reflects and shows the hierarchy of the management. In the case scenario of Osaga Chemical Company, grapevine would represent a crucial part in the informal communication network in a workplace. Grapevine is a network that is unpredictable in its operations because employees control it (Fevre, Lewis, Robinson & Jones, 2012). Grapevine Network is an informal network that employees use to communicate with each other. Management of an organization may use grapevine gain relevant information that will enable the organization reaches their target. As the individual in charge of implementing grapevine informal communication, there would be a proper communication channel. Grapevine is an effective way of communication because it helps an organization manage their employees efficiently (Guffey & Loewy, 2010). The system is useful in that the workers try to comprehend themselves. The managements of various organizations do not have consent of grapevines, and it makes it useful to get information. Grapevine is a network that is appropriate for the employees as a group. Employees get to connect and share their feelings without fear of judgments (Guffey & Loewy, 2010). Playing the role of a boundary spanner in a grapevine involves representing employees in the public. Boundary spanners develop external relationship with the employees of other companies to reach their set objectives (Walker, 2012). On the group, I play the role of a boundary

Physicians Clash over Medical Ethics in Death Penalty Cases Essay Example for Free

Physicians Clash over Medical Ethics in Death Penalty Cases Essay The news clipping is mainly about the dilemma doctors face. They are trained to save people. They did not choose their profession to punish law-violating citizens. Specifically, this topic has been given hype by Dr. Marc Stern who quit on his job of being the head doctor in the state of Washington’s prison whose responsibilities included maintaining the lethal injection table in order for the next death sentence. In the past several years, according to the article, medical ethics and death penalty has clashed. There are a number of instances in the past where doctors bailed out of the execution causing delay in the death penalty; case in point: Michael Morales. The article also stated that the problem does not stop here. This ethical dilemma against professional participation needs careful and further study. Capital punishment and justice would be difficult to serve if all doctors are concerned about ethics. Experts went as far as predicting capital punishment could end because of this ethical issues. Ethical dilemma The whole article is about ethical dilemma. Doctors do not want to continue participating in capital punishment (overseeing death penalties) as this poses ethical issues for them. Most of them belive the punishment is cruel and unusual. Also, doctors are trained to save lives and not to end it. Personal thoughts on the matter I understand that being an object to end another person’s life when one is trained to help save it could have severe impact on one’s conscience. The human world has become civilized enough over the course of history to preserve one another. It is even more emphasized in a doctor’s profession where preservation of mankind has been his chosen field and career. However, if all doctors feel this way, I can see the nation revolting. Without a trained professional in the death sentence chamber, there is no way an execution will happen. I can foresee various forms of protests because somehow, justice must be served according to the laws of the state. The person in death sentence was found guilty of an offense that demerits him his life. The family and friends of his victim/s have turned into the law for support to the injustice done to them. The law cannot fail these people because doctors cannot do their state-given responsibilities. There must be some doctors out there that are willing to do the job. I am not saying that the state must find conscienceless professional so that the death penalty can still be observed. There must be some doctors in the field that understand their moral obligations and their obligations to the state. Like it or not, the prosecution must be finished. They cannot let the convicted criminal die in the hands of non-professionals nor can they let the families and friends of the victims live in injustice.

Concealing Dalkey Hill: Evasion and Parallax in Nausicaa Essay

Concealing Dalkey Hill: Evasion and Parallax in Nausicaa T.S. Eliot declared that Ulysses was a masterpiece because it demonstrated the futility of all prior literary styles. Indeed, the episodes of "Oxen of the Sun" and "Aeolus" could be taken as challenging primers on English style and rhetoric. This kaleidoscopic potential is seemingly reduced to a stark black-and-white vision in "Nausicaa." As many critics have pointed out, Joyce stylizes Gerty MacDowell's half of the narrative with a saccharine veneer which euphemizes her sexual encounter (itself a distanced and euphemized rendezvous) with Bloom. The first-time reader and seasoned critics alike are led into sneering at Gerty behind the safety of the author's overt critique of her superficiality; only when Joyce reveals the psychological origin of her constant evasion - her lame leg, a condition which is only hinted at until Bloom notices it post-climax - are the first seeds of pity sown in the reader's mind. The audience's appreciation of Gerty's "defect" grows "ten times worse" (301) in light of Bloom's uncharacteristically cavalier and scurrilous attitude towards a fellow outsider in which he, too, is guilty of his own brand of sexual evasion. As the reader implicitly identifies Bloom's rather heartless outlook with his own, he compensates for his initial condemnation of Gerty's character by sentimentalizing her with a Dickensian gloss - and thus is held as culpable of evasion as the episode's heroine and hero. Joyce's manipulation of his audience's expectations is never deployed through explicit moralizing but through his parallactic style (a concept distinct from the stylistic cornucopia present elsewhere in the novel), a shifting mode through which he questions t... ...ernan's, he reminds himself of the necessity for perspectival inclusion: "Mistake to hit back. Or? No. Ought to go home and laugh at themselves. Always want to be swilling in company. Afraid to be alone like a child of two. Suppose he hit me. Look at it other way round. Not so bad then. Perhaps not to hurt he meant. Three cheers for Israel." (311) Bloom's mollification of the Citizen's undoubtedly hostile remark may spring from either cowardice or his underlying sense of humanity, depending on how one takes it. And that parallactic means of interpretation is what "Nausicaa" requires - not only for interpreting the text, but for interpreting our interpretation. We, after all, are the ultimate voyeurs in an episode of purely visual interaction. To commit our literary resources to uncovering the work alone, and not ourselves, is yet another instrument of evasion.

Forward the Foundation Chapter 14

21 Gleb Andorin gazed at Namarti through half-closed eyes. He never liked the man, but there were times when he liked him less than he usually did and this was one of those times. Why should Andorin, a Wyan of royal birth (that's what it amounted to, after all) have to work with this parvenu, this near-psychotic paranoid? Andorin knew why and he had to endure, even when Namarti was once again in the process of telling the story of how he had built up the movement during a period of ten years to its present pitch of perfection. Did he tell this to everyone, over and over? Or was it just Andorin who was his chosen vessel? Namarti's face seemed to shine with malignant glee as he said, in an odd singsong, as though it were a matter of rote, â€Å"Year after year. I worked on those lines, even through hopelessness and uselessness, building an organization, chipping away at confidence in the government, creating and intensifying dissatisfaction. When there was the banking crisis and the week of the moratorium, I-â€Å" He paused suddenly. â€Å"I've told you this many times and you're sick of hearing it, aren't you?† Andorin's lips twitched in a brief dry smile. Namarti was not such an idiot as not to know what a bore he was; he just couldn't help it. Andorin said, â€Å"You've told me this many times.† He allowed the remainder of the question to hang in the air, unanswered. The answer, after all, was an obvious affirmative. There was no need to face him with it. A slight flush crossed Namarti's sallow face. He said, â€Å"But it could have gone on forever-the building, the chipping, without ever coming to a point-if I hadn't had the proper tool in my hands. And without any effort on my part, the tool came to me.† â€Å"The gods brought you Planchet,† said Andorin neutrally. â€Å"You're right. There will be a group of gardeners entering the Imperial Palace grounds soon.† He paused and seemed to savor the thought. â€Å"Men and women. Enough to serve as a mask for the handful of our operatives who will accompany them. Among them will be you-and Planchet. And what will make you and Planchet unusual is that you will be carrying blasters.† â€Å"Surely,† said Andorin with deliberate malice behind a polite expression, â€Å"we'll be stopped at the gates and held for questioning. Bringing an illicit blaster onto the Palace grounds-â€Å" â€Å"You won't be stopped,† said Namarti, missing the malice. â€Å"You won't be searched. That's been arranged. You will all be greeted as a matter of course by some Palace official. I don't know who would ordinarily be in charge of that task-the Third Assistant Chamberlain in Charge of Grass and Leaves, for all I know-but in this case, it will be Seldon himself. The great mathematician will hurry out to greet the new gardeners and welcome them to the grounds.† â€Å"You're sure of that, I suppose.† â€Å"Of course, I am. It's all been arranged. He will learn, at more or less the last minute, that his foster son is among those listed as new gardeners and it will be impossible for him to refrain from coming out to see him. And when Seldon appears, Planchet will raise his blaster. Our people will raise the cry of ‘Treason!' In the confusion and hurly-burly, Planchet will kill Seldon and then you will kill Planchet. You will then drop your blaster and leave. There are those who will help you leave. It's been arranged.† â€Å"Is it absolutely necessary to kill Planchet?† Namarti frowned. â€Å"Why? Do you object to one killing and not to another? When Planchet recovers, do you wish him to tell the authorities all he knows about us? Besides, this is a family feud we are arranging. Don't forget that Planchet is, in actual fact, Raych Seldon. It will look as though the two had fired simultaneously-or as though Seldon had given orders that if his son made any hostile move, he was to be shot down. We will see to it that the family angle will be given full publicity. It will be reminiscent of the bad old days of the Bloody Emperor Manowell. The people of Trantor will surely be repelled by the sheer wickedness of the deed. That, piled on top of all the inefficiencies and breakdowns they've been witnessing and living through, will raise the cry for a new government-and no one will be able to refuse them, least of all the Emperor. And then we'll step in.† â€Å"Just like that?† â€Å"No, not just like that. I don't live in a dream world. There is likely to be some interim government, but it will fail. We'll see to it that it fails and we'll come out in the open and revive the old Joranumite arguments that the Trantorians have never forgotten. And in time-in not too much time-I will be First Minister.† â€Å"And I?† â€Å"Will eventually be the Emperor.† Andorin said, â€Å"The chance of all this working is small. This is arranged. That is arranged. The other thing is arranged. All of it has to come together and mesh perfectly or it will fail. Somewhere, someone is bound to mess up. It's an unacceptable risk.† â€Å"Unacceptable? For whom? For you?† â€Å"Certainly. You expect me to make certain that Planchet will kill his father and you expect me to then kill Planchet. Why me? Aren't there tools worth less than I who might more easily be risked?† â€Å"Yes, but to choose anyone else would make failure certain. Who but you has so much riding on this mission that there is no chance you will turn back in a fit of vapors at the last minute?† â€Å"The risk is enormous.† â€Å"Isn't it worth it to you? You're playing for the Imperial throne.† â€Å"And what risk are you taking, Chief? You will remain here, quite comfortable, and wait to hear the news.† Namarti's lip curled. â€Å"What a fool you are, Andorin! What an Emperor you will make! Do you suppose I take no risk because I will be here? If the gambit fails, if the plot miscarries, if some of our people are taken, do you think they won't tell everything they know? If you were somehow caught, would you face the tender treatment of the Imperial Guard without ever telling them about me? â€Å"And with a failed assassination attempt at hand, do you suppose they won't comb Trantor to find me? Do you suppose that in the end they will fail to find me? And when they do find me, what do you suppose I will have to face at their hands? Risk? I run a worse risk than any of you, just sitting here doing nothing. It boils down to this, Andorin. Do you or do you not wish to be Emperor?† Andorin said in a low voice, â€Å"I wish to be Emperor.† And so things were set in motion. 22 Raych had no trouble seeing that he was being treated with special care. The whole group of would-be gardeners was now quartered in one of the hotels in the Imperial Sector, although not one of the prime hotels, of course. The gardeners were an odd lot, from fifty different worlds, but Raych had little chance to speak to any of them. Andorin, without being too obvious about it, had managed to keep him apart from the others. Raych wondered why. It depressed him. In fact, he had been feeling somewhat depressed since he had left Wye. It interfered with his thinking process and he fought it-but not with entire success. Andorin was himself wearing rough clothes and was attempting to look like a workman. He would be playing the part of a gardener as a way of running the â€Å"show†-whatever the â€Å"show† might be. Raych felt ashamed that he had not been able to penetrate the nature of that â€Å"show.† They had closed in on him and prevented all communication, so he hadn't even had the chance to warn his father. They might be doing this for every Trantorian who had been pushed into the group, for all he knew, just as an extreme precaution. Raych estimated that there might be a dozen Trantorians among them, all of them Namarti's people, of course, men and women both. What puzzled him was that Andorin treated him with what was almost affection. He monopolized him, insisted on having all his meals with him, treated him quite differently from the way in which he treated anyone else. Could it be because they had shared Manella? Raych did not know enough about the mores of the Wye Sector to be able to tell whether there might not be a polyandrous touch to their society. If two men shared a woman, did that make them, in a way, fraternal? Did it create a bond? Raych had never heard of such a thing, but he knew better than to suppose he had a grasp of even a tiny fraction of the infinite subtleties of galactic societies-even of Trantorian societies. But now that his mind had brought him back to Manella, he dwelled on her for a while. He missed her terribly and it occurred to him that missing her might be the cause of his depression, though, to tell the truth, what he was feeling now, as he was finishing lunch with Andorin, was almost despair-though he could think of no cause for it. Manella! She had said she wanted to visit the Imperial Sector and presumably she could wheedle Andorin to her liking. He was desperate enough to ask a foolish question. â€Å"Mr. Andorin, I keep wondering if maybe you brought Miss Dubanqua along with you. Here, to the Imperial Sector.† Andorin looked utterly astonished. Then he laughed gently. â€Å"Manella? Do you see her doing any gardening? Or even pretending she could? No no, Manella is one of those women invented for our quiet moments. She has no function at all, otherwise.† then â€Å"Why do you ask, Planchet?†** Raych shrugged. â€Å"I don't know. It's sort of dull around here. I sort of thought-† His voice trailed away. Andorin watched him carefully. Finally he said, â€Å"Surely you're not of the opinion that it matters much which woman you are involved with? I assure you it doesn't matter to her which man she's involved with. Once this is over, there will be other women. Plenty of them.† â€Å"When will this be over?† â€Å"Soon. And you're going to be part of it in a very important way.† Andorin watched Raych narrowly. Raych said, â€Å"How important? Aren't I gonna be just-a gardener?† His voice sounded hollow and he found himself unable to put a spark in it. â€Å"You'll be more than that, Planchet. You'll be going in with a blaster.† â€Å"With a what?† â€Å"A blaster.† â€Å"I never held a blaster. Not in my whole life.† â€Å"There's nothing to it. You lift it. You point it. You close the contact and someone dies.† â€Å"I can't kill anyone.† â€Å"I thought you were one of us, that you would do anything for the cause.† â€Å"I didn't mean-kill.† Raych couldn't seem to collect his thoughts. Why must he kill? What did they really have in mind for him? And how would he be able to alert the Imperial Guard before the killing would be carried out? Andorin's face hardened suddenly, an instant conversion from friendly interest to stern decision. He said, â€Å"You must kill.† Raych gathered all his strength. â€Å"No. I ain't gonna kill nobody. That's final.† Andorin said, â€Å"Planchet, you will do as you are told.† â€Å"Not murder.† â€Å"Even murder.† â€Å"How you gonna make me?† â€Å"I shall simply tell you to.† Raych felt dizzy. What made Andorin so confident? He shook his head. â€Å"No.† Andorin said, â€Å"We've been feeding you, Planchet, ever since you left Wye. I made sure you ate with me. I supervised your diet. Especially the meal you just ate.† Raych felt the horror rise within him. He suddenly understood. â€Å"Desperance!† â€Å"Exactly,† said Andorin. â€Å"You're a sharp devil, Planchet.† â€Å"It's illegal.† â€Å"Yes, of course. So's murder.† Raych knew about desperance. It was a chemical modification of a perfectly harmless tranquilizer. The modified form, however, did not produce tranquillity but despair. It had been outlawed because of its use in mind control, though there were persistent rumors that the Imperial Guard used it. Andorin said, as though it were not hard to read Raych's mind, â€Å"It's called desperance because that's an old word meaning ‘hopelessness.' I think you're feeling hopeless.† â€Å"Never,† whispered Raych. â€Å"Very resolute of you, but you can't fight the chemical. And the more hopeless you feel, the more effective the drug.† â€Å"No chance.† â€Å"Think about it, Planchet. Namarti recognized you at once, even without your mustache. He knows you are Raych Seldon and, at my direction, you are going to kill your father.† Raych muttered, â€Å"Not before I kill you.† He rose from his chair. There should be no problem at all in this. Andorin might be taller, but he was slender and clearly no athlete. Raych would break him in two with one arm-but he swayed as he rose. He shook his head, but it wouldn't clear. Andorin rose, too, and backed away. He drew his right hand from where it had been resting within his left sleeve. He was holding a weapon. He said pleasantly, â€Å"I came prepared. I have been informed of your prowess as a Heliconian Twister and there will be no hand-to-hand combat.† He looked down at his weapon. â€Å"This is not a blaster,† he said. â€Å"I can't afford to have you killed before you accomplish your task. It's a neuronic whip. Much worse, in a way. I will aim at your left shoulder and, believe me, the pain will be so excruciating that the world's greatest stoic would not be able to endure it.† Raych, who had been advancing slowly and grimly, stopped abruptly. He had been twelve years old when he had had a taste-a small one-of a neuronic whip. Once struck, no one ever forgets the pain, however long he lives, however full of incidents his life is. Andorin said, â€Å"Moreover, I will use full strength so that the nerves in your upper arms will be stimulated first into unbearable pain and then damaged into uselessness. You will never use your left arm again. I will spare the right so you can handle the blaster. Now if you sit down and accept matters, as you must, you may keep both arms. Of course, you must eat again so your desperance level increases. Your situation will only worsen.† Raych felt the drug-induced despair settle over him and that despair served, in itself, to deepen the effect. His vision was turning double and he could think of nothing to say. Raych only knew that he would have to do what Andorin would tell him to do. He had played the game and he had lost. 23 â€Å"No!† Hari Seldon was almost violent. â€Å"I don't want you out there, Dors.† Dors Venabili stared back at him with an expression as firm as his own. â€Å"Then I won't let you go, either, Hari.† â€Å"I must be there.† â€Å"It is not your place. It is the Gardener First-Class who must greet these new people.† â€Å"So it is. But Gruber can't do it. He's a broken man.† â€Å"He must have an assistant of some sort. Or let the old Chief Gardener do it. He holds the office till the end of the year.† â€Å"The old Chief Gardener is too ill. Besides†-Seldon hesitated-â€Å"there are ringers among the gardeners. Trantorians. They're here, for some reason. I have the names of every one of them.† â€Å"Have them taken into custody, then. Every last one of them. It's simple. Why are you making it so complex?† â€Å"Because we don't know why they're here. Something's up. I don't see what twelve gardeners can do, but-No, let me rephrase that. I can see a dozen things they can do, but I don't know which one of those things they've planned. We will, indeed, take them into custody, but I must know more about everything before it's done. â€Å"We have to know enough to winkle out everyone in the conspiracy from top to bottom and we must know enough of what they're doing to be able to make the proper punishment stick. I don't want to get twelve men and women on what is essentially a misdemeanor charge. They'll plead desperation, the need for a job. They'll complain that it isn't fair for Trantorians to be excluded. They'll get plenty of sympathy and we'll be left looking like fools. We must give them a chance to convict themselves of more than that. Besides-â€Å" There was a long pause and Dors said wrathfully, â€Å"Well, what's the new ‘besides'?† Seldon's voice lowered. â€Å"One of the twelve is Raych, using the alias Planchet.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Why are you surprised? I sent him to Wye to infiltrate the Joranumite movement and he's succeeded in infiltrating something. I have every faith in him. If he's there, he knows why he's there and he must have some sort of plan to put a spoke in the wheel. But I want to be there, too. I want to see him. I want to be in a position to help him if I can.† â€Å"If you want to help him, have fifty guards of the Palace standing shoulder to shoulder on either side of your gardeners.† â€Å"No. Again, we'll end up with nothing. The Imperial Guard will be in place but not in evidence. The gardeners in question must think they have a clear hand to do whatever it is they plan to do. Before they can do so, but after they have made it quite plain what they intend-we'll have them.† â€Å"That's risky. It's risky for Raych.† â€Å"Risks are something we have to take. There's more riding on this than individual lives.† â€Å"That is a heartless thing to say.† â€Å"You think I have no heart? Even if it broke, my concern would have to be with psycho-â€Å" â€Å"Don't say it.† She turned away, as if in pain. â€Å"I understand,† said Seldon, â€Å"but you mustn't be there. Your presence would be so inappropriate that the conspirators will suspect we know too much and will abort their plan. I don't want their plan aborted.† He paused, then said softly, â€Å"Dors, you say your job is to protect me. That comes before protecting Raych and you know that. I wouldn't insist on it, but to protect me is to protect psychohistory and the entire human species. That must come first. What I have of psychohistory tells me that I, in turn, must protect the center at all costs and that is what I am trying to do. Do you understand?† Dors said, â€Å"I understand,† then turned away from him. Seldon thought: And I hope I'm right. If he weren't, she would never forgive him. Far worse, he would never forgive himself-psychohistory or not. 24 They were lined up beautifully, feet spread apart, hands behind their hacks, every one in a natty green uniform, loosely fitted and with wide pockets. There was very little gender differential and one could only guess that some of the shorter ones were women. The hoods covered whatever hair they had, but then, gardeners were supposed to clip their hair quite short-either sex-and there could be no facial hair. Why that should be, one couldn't say. The word â€Å"tradition† covered it all, as it covered so many things, some useful, some foolish. Facing them was Mandell Gruber, flanked on either side by an assistant. Gruber was trembling, his wide-opened eyes glazed. Hari Seldon's lips tightened. If Gruber could but manage to say, â€Å"The Emperor's gardeners greet you all,† that would be enough. Seldon himself would then take over. His eyes swept over the new contingent and he located Raych. His heart jumped a bit. It was the mustacheless Raych in the front row, standing more rigid than the rest, staring straight ahead. His eyes did not move to meet Seldon's; he showed no sign of recognition, however subtle. Good, thought Seldon. He's not supposed to. He's giving nothing away. Gruber muttered a weak welcome and Seldon jumped in. He advanced with an easy stride, putting himself immediately before Gruber, and said, â€Å"Thank you, Gardener First-Class. Men and women, gardeners of the Emperor, you are to undertake an important task. You will be responsible for the beauty and health of the only open land on our great world of Trantor, capital of the Galactic Empire. You will see to it that if we don't have the endless vistas of open undomed worlds, we will have a small jewel here that will outshine anything else in the Empire. â€Å"You will all be under Mandell Gruber, who will shortly become Chief Gardener. He will report to me, when necessary, and I will report to the Emperor. This means, as you can all see, that you will be only three levels removed from the Imperial presence and you will always be under his benign watch. I am certain that even now he is surveying us from the Small Palace, his personal home, which is the building you see to the right-the one with the opal-layered dome-and that he is pleased with what he sees. â€Å"Before you start work, of course, you will all undertake a course of training that will make you entirely familiar with the grounds and its needs. You will-â€Å" He had, by this time, moved, almost stealthily, to a point directly in front of Raych, who still remained motionless, unblinking. Seldon tried not to look unnaturally benign and then a slight frown crossed his face. The person directly behind Raych looked familiar. He might have gone unrecognized if Seldon had not studied his hologram. Wasn't that Gleb Andorin of Wye? Raych's patron in Wye, in fact? What was he doing here? Andorin must have noticed Seldon's sudden regard, for he muttered something between scarcely opened lips and Raych's right arm, moving forward from behind his back, plucked a blaster out of the wide pocket of his green doublet. So did Andorin. Seldon felt himself going into near-shock. How could blasters have been allowed onto the grounds? Confused, he barely heard the cries of â€Å"Treason!† and the sudden noise of running and shouting. All that really occupied Seldon's mind was Raych's blaster pointing directly at him and Raych looking at him without any sign of recognition. Seldon's mind filled with horror as he realized that his son was going to shoot and that he himself was only seconds from death. 25 A blaster, despite its name, does not â€Å"blast† in the proper sense of the term. It vaporizes and blows out an interior and-if anything-causes an implosion. There is a soft sighing sound, leaving what appears to be a â€Å"blasted† object. Hari Seldon did not expect to hear that sound. He expected only death. It was, therefore, with surprise that he heard the distinctive soft sighing sound and he blinked rapidly as he looked down at himself, slackjawed. He was alive? (He thought it as a question, not a statement.) Raych was still standing there, his blaster pointing forward, his eyes glazed. He was absolutely motionless, as though some motive power had ceased. Behind him was the crumpled body of Andorin, fallen in a pool of blood, and standing next to him, blaster in hand, was a gardener. The hood had slipped away; the gardener was clearly a woman with freshly clipped hair. She allowed herself a glance at Seldon and said, â€Å"Your son knows me as Manella Dubanqua. I'm a security officer. Do you want my reference number, First Minister?† â€Å"No,† said Seldon faintly. Imperial Guard had converged on the scene. â€Å"My son! What's wrong with my son?† â€Å"Desperance, I think,† said Manella. â€Å"That can be washed out eventually.† She reached forward to take the blaster out of Raych's hand. â€Å"I'm sorry I didn't act sooner. I had to wait for an overt move and, when it came, it almost caught me napping.† â€Å"I had the same trouble. We must take Raych to the Palace hospital.† A confused noise suddenly emanated from the Small Palace. It occurred to Seldon that the Emperor was, indeed, watching the proceedings and, if so, he must be grandly furious, indeed. â€Å"Take care of my son, Miss Dubanqua,† said Seldon. â€Å"I must see the Emperor.† He set off at an undignified run through the chaos on the Great Lawns and dashed into the Small Palace without ceremony. Cleon could scarcely grow any angrier over that. And there, with an appalled group watching in stupor-there, on the semicircular stairway-was the body of His Imperial Majesty, Cleon I, smashed all but beyond recognition. His rich Imperial robes now served as a shroud. Cowering against the wall, staring stupidly at the horrified faces surrounding him, was Mandell Gruber. Seldon felt he could take no more. He took in the blaster lying at Gruber's feet. It had been Andorin's, he was sure. He asked softly, â€Å"Gruber, what have you done?† Gruber, staring at him, babbled, â€Å"Everyone screaming and yelling. I thought, Who would know? They would think someone else had killed the Emperor. But then I couldn't run.† â€Å"But, Gruber. Why?† â€Å"So I wouldn't have to be Chief Gardener.† And he collapsed. Seldon stared in shock at the unconscious Gruber. Everything had worked out by the narrowest of margins. He himself was alive. Raych was alive. Andorin was dead and the Joranumite Conspiracy would now be hunted down to the last person. The center would have held, just as psychohistory had dictated. And then one man, for a reason so trivial as to defy analysis, had killed the Emperor. And now, thought Seldon in despair, what do we do? What happens next?

Hod 1000 Mid-Term Study Guide

HOD 1000 Midterm Study Guide 2. 28. 12 Tips: 1 Know Lecture 2 Know how they are applicable 3 Know Lemme 4 Take the test carefully †¦50 multiple choice questions a. Underline the important words like: i. â€Å"All,† â€Å"Nothing† or â€Å"None†Lemme * Look for models on development * Models for Understanding Development * Trait Model * Be aware of what the 5 traits mean * â€Å"Openness† and â€Å"Agreeableness† Self & Identity 3 things determine importance of Memories: 1 Frequency a How often something occurs 2 Duration 3 Intensity Internal Working Model:The internal working model is how we view/what we believe about ourselves, others and the world. It influences what we expect of and from ourselves, others and the world in general and directs how we respond. It begins to form as soon as we are born and is based on experiences with others and the outcomes of our efforts. An infant that experiences frequent abuse or neglect can develop a negat ive internal working model that â€Å"says† no one cares about me, I am unlovable, people who are suppose to love me only hurt or reject me, it doesn't matter what I do or say it is ineffective or not good enough, I an't trust people as one time they are nice and the next time they are mean. etc. If this â€Å"model† of self, others and the world and how things work is not corrected the result may be a child or adult that has low self-esteem, is overly dependent or independent, overreacts to situations, sabotages relationships, jobs and/successes, gives up easily, etc. Or an infant that receives consistent, responsive, attuned nurturing from his/her caregivers is most likely to develop a positive internal working model. SocioCultural Current ———— Beliefs ——– Goals ——— Strategies Life Experience (affects them all)Beliefs In: I. Self * Concepts * What you think of yourself as a whole * Efficacy * Confi dence in what you do * Esteem * How you feel about yourself, as in self-worth * The more esteem you have, the more efficacy you have * Not true, typically in the African-American population; based on discrimination * Strong in-group/out-group bias can contribute to low self-efficacy II. Others 3 Domains: 1 All People 2 Groups of People 3 Specific Individuals III. World 1 Overall Views 2 Explanation of outcomes 3 Making sense of the world, making cause and effect relationships Goals 4 Domains: Physical Well-Being a Desire for safety, comfort and pleasure 2 Personal Competence b Desire for significance and success 3 Relational Closeness c Desire for friendship, love, and acceptance 4 Self-Transcendence d Desire for meaning and a lasting contribution to the world, or whatever you deem necessary e [Mitch Albom (Tuesdays with Morrie) is missing the Self-Transcendence] Strategies 4 domains: 1 Affect Regulation a Coping with anxiety, emotions 2 Interpersonal Skills b Active listening, etc 3 Problem Solving 4 Task Management Schema * This is how you organize data in the world 2 ways of using that information: 1 Assimilation a Putting the new information into already-existing categories b Always try to assimilate over accommodate 2 Accommodation c When you have to change your schema to fit the new information * Equilibration is * A sense of cognitive harmony or balance * People desire this, to bring (or keep) their system in order. If not: * Disequilibration results * The major impetus for cognitive development; info inconsistent with our existing worldview disrupts equilibration, placing us in an unpleasant cognitive state (conflict, dissonance, inconsistency)Cognitive Functioning Self-Concepts: * Closure * Permanence * Once you figure something out, you stay that way. * Urgency (associated with Permanence) Bio-Psycho-Social-Spiritual Dimensions of Goals MEMORIZE IT | Needs| Desires| Fears| Physical Well-Being| Safety & Security| Health, comfort, pleasure| Death, pain , suffering| Personal Competence| Esteem| Power, success, accomplishments| Helplessness, inadequacy, failure| Relational Closeness| Belonging| Friendship, love, intimacy| Rejection, engulfment| Self-Transcendence| Purpose| Generativity, service, God| Hopelessness, meaninglessness|From Lemme Equation for Self-Esteem: Self-Esteem = Self Concept / Ideal Self Difference between Reliability and validity (pg. 13) Reliablity * Consistency or stability over time * Will the results obtained be consistent if the study is done again, or are they influence by some fluctuating factor, such that we cannot arrive at the same findings in all similar situations? * Problems with reliability must be resolved in order to have confidence in findings Validity * The degree to which your experimental results can be applied to external population Terms that connect directly to things in lecture: * Looking Glass Self * Take others’ perceptions of you to formulate your own self concept Generalized Othe r (p 78) * We begin to take the perspective of society and its values and expectations in judging ourselves; * Basically, incorporating societal standards into our sense of self Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development 1 Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1) 2 Autonomy vs. Doubt (1-3) 3 Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6) 4 Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11) 5 Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-20) Related to one’s commitment to occupation, religious beliefs and political ideology and whether or not those commitments have been made after a period of exploration or crisis b James Marcia added the domains of gender-role attitudes and beliefs about sexual expression 6 Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-40) c Developing capacity for close intimate relationships without losing one’s sense of self d Dependent on the existence of a solid identity (previous stage) e In not resolved, leads to loneliness and isolation 7 Generativity vs. Self-Absorption (40-65) A concern for future generations and society as a whol e g Midlife transition h Psychological origins are in adolescence and young adulthood i Periodic longing for meaning and purpose that is outward focused and which occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood 8 Integrity vs. Despair (65+) j Integrity refers to the ability to look back over life with satisfaction and little or no regrets i Acceptance of death ii Saying goodbye to loved ones iii Finishing the â€Å"race† with dignity k Despair include bitterness and regret over life There is a sense of fear and despair as one approaches m 4 types of Generativity: Articles * Why the Self is Empty * What does Media/Advertising suggest people use to fill up their empty self? – Consumption of material goods – Psychotherapy * Emerging Adulthood * Extending Education * Marriage Late * Increased Life Expectancy The Forgotten Half  · Who comprises the Forgotten Half? Coherent Life 1. Meaningful a. Goal domain: Self Transcendence b. Strategies: Increase Generativity (from Erikson’s 8 stages) 2. Comprehensible 3. Manageable I. Identity Development LectureCritical Models to Understand Alternatives 1. Bronfenbrenner’s Systems Theory a. In the Middle you have you, then the MicroSystem (tend to be Dyadic); next Meso, interaction between the domains (the way work environment affects your home environment, visa versa); then, EXOsystem (things that influence your microsystems; might not have direct influence though); Lastly, MACROsystem: Society, how it has scripts, norms, blueprints for how things should go 2. Levinson b. Know what the major stages are and their ORDER c. Although, exact age questions will probably not be in the exam d.Don’t spend too much time, initially, on this 3. Marsha e. Diffusion—no commitment, no crisis, not acknowledging a problem f. Fore closure—comittment, but not crisis—you’ve taken a value someplace else. This is the way things are. An uncritical acceptance of a value or belief. g . Moratorium—crisis, no commitment. You’re evaluating beliefs and values you have. If you want to keep them or find others. Achievement—commitment and crisis. You can be critical of beliefs goals and values without it affecting your identity h. 2 Forces acting on you are: i. Crisis ii. Commitment . Understand the characteristics of people in each of those stages; be able to place a described person into one of those stages and know how you can move them 4. Erikson’s 8 Stages of Development i. Throughout a lifetime, each person moves through the 8 stages j. Movement from one to another is based on a crisis or a conflict; k. If not, you get stuck in that stage and can’t move on l. Arguments against it: iii. It’s generalized m. Attachment Styles iv. n.Stress brings out one of these two undesirable qualities v. Securely Attached-Healthy relationships, trust people but not naive about it vi. Differentiated 5. TRAIT Model p 67 o. Know what traits are generally about p. Collectivism v. Individualism vii. Collectivism-Little individual thought, for the good of the group and not necessarily for the good of the person. Chinese Society viii. Individualism-Individualist Society. American Society ix. Fits into the MACROsystem section of Systems Theory Emerging AdulthoodDetached/Avoidant——Differentiated/Secure—–Diffused/Anxious-Ambiv. Family Systems Lecture 1. Life Forces: a. Differentiation: Begin independent, making yourself different from people around you b. Togetherness: Fitting in v. Standing Out c. Pseudo Self-Extremes: Detached, Diffused d. A lot of significance of close and family relationships 2. Family Roles (Chart with lecture notes is great! ): e. Hero, First-Born: Fear of failure; over-controlled f. Scapegoat, 2nd Born: Fear of rejection, shame, Wants to stand out from oldest, Tend to lean to the avoidant side of the scale g.Lost Child-Middle child syndrome, Unable to express feelings, Witn ess the battle between siblings and parents, Introverted h. Mascot: Youngest, Hides pain with humor, immature, feels inadequate, Instead of withdrawing from tension, they try to ease it with humor, More anxious ambivalent 3. Influences on Family System i. Direct: Parents yell at you j. Indirect: Watching parents yell at sibling k. Reciprocal: The way you affect your parents; influence never goes one way i. As you’re being yelled at by your parents, the way you respond impacts your parents 2 Types of Anxiety . Chronic: Ongoing, Nagging feeling that something will go wrong or that you’re just wrong in general, Produced in family systems with a lot of conflict, Pushes you to either be fused or avoidant 2. Acute: Limited; normal, Will disappear with the not-so-serious situation, Ways to Bind Anxiety 1. Healthy: Exercising, talking to someone, using reflective skills 2. Unhealthy: Eating disorders, physical manifestations of symptoms (headaches, stomach aches) Highly Differ entiated People: Secure, self-directed, Responsible for selfWhat is a Triangle: Basic way to look at a relationship is a dyad; but when instability occurs, there’s a tendency to bring in a 3rd party. Using them, directly, to diffuse the problem is a bad thing Ways to De-Triangle 1. Emotionally Neutral, Supportive, Active Listening, Facilitating Problem Solving, Encouragement a. Worse thing to do: â€Å"Oh, let me talk to them FOR you. † 2. Active Listening, Paraphrasing, Repeat some of their claims back to them to help them understand, Probing, Asking questions to do a bit more door opening Cognitive DistortionsCheck Bainey for:  · Listening Skill Clusters  · Barriers to Active Listening HOD 1000 Review Session * Memorization and application * Achieved in their identity vs. centrally attached * How to apply the lecture material * Don’t spend too much time on ageism * Model for understanding development is more important—trait model! * 50 MCQ * Look ou t for â€Å"not† * Underline important words: all, nothing, not * If talking about mom, maybe it has to do with attachment * Memorize 5 traits: what they refer to. What does openness mean?Don’t need to know all 7 measurements of openness. What’s the difference between agreeable and openness? First 3 lectures, questions * Self and Identity * The Internal Working Model!!! * Socio-cultural * Current beliefs, goals, strategiesactions=Life Experience * Past experiences-3 things determine importance * Frequency * Duration * Intensity * They determine how much previous experiences have a bearing on goals, beliefs, strategies. Beliefs=self, others and the world * Self: concept, efficacy, esteem Concept what you think of yourself as a whole, esteem how you feel about yourself/self-worth, efficacy is confidence in what you can do * More esteem, more efficacy you have except in the African-American population—due to discrimination * Strong in group-out group bias, y ou can develop high self-worth within group, but negative stereotypes in environment and their impact on opportunities affects efficacy * Others: people in general, groups of people, individuals * World: overall view, explanation of outcomes (making sense of the world, cause and effect relationships, predicting/avoiding events) * Goals=physical well-being, personal competence, relational closeness, self-transcendence. Mitch is missing self-transcendence * Strategies=affect regulations (dealing with emotions), interpersonal skills, problem-solving, task management * Schema * That’s how you organize knowledge about the world. You have to put all the knowledge you’ve taken in * Assimilation and accommodation Assimilation—Putting new info into existing categories * People prefer this/to keep things way they are. Equilibrium * Cognitive dissonance—things don’t fit together—desire equilibration and order * Accom—change your schema * Self-Co ncept page 82 Out of cognitive function people seek closure, permanence, and urgency * Know the 4 goal domains—needs, desires, fears related to them (physical well-being, bio, pscyho something) * Equation for self-esteem=self-concept/ideal self * Difference between reliability and validity p. 13 * Looking glass self and generalized other –they connect directly to stuff in the lecture * Re-read the empty self People use media, advertising, etc to fill up the empty self, psychotherapy, goods * A coherent life: meaningful, comprehensible, and manageable * Strategies to conduct a meaningful life: generativty vs. self-absorption (Erikson) * Reflection, comprehensible (can you understand world around you in a way there’s peace) Lecture 2 Identity Development * Bronfrenbrenner * You in the middle surrounded by microsystem of didactic relationships (any people you interact with on a day-to-day level directly) * Outside of this is meso—interaction between differen t domains. Way you work environment affects home environment. Microsystems are interacting.Noisy roommate>cranky in class * Exo system—things that influence your microsystems—might not have direct interaction with. CEO and mail room person. * Macro system—society has blueprints * Levinson—know the major stages and its order * Unlikely it’ll be age, but who knows * Marsha 2 forces acting on you are crisis and commitment * Understand the characteristics of people here—if you were given a person as example know how to place them * Foreclosuremoratorium. A big event could challenge their beliefs and they haven’t resolved it yet * Need to be able to move between models * Erikson’s 8 stages of development p. 48 Lemme Throughout life, each person moves through stages * Movement from one to another is based on a crisis or conflict * If you don’t, you get stuck and can’t move on * Critiques: it’s generalized, thereà ¢â‚¬â„¢s no general frame for development * Attachment styles The strange situation experiment * Avoidant—secure—-anxious ambivalent * Stress brings out one of these two undesirable characteristics * Securely attached—healthy relationships/balance, differentiated * Avoidant=detached, secure=differentiated, anxious ambivalent=fused * P. 67 trait model—know what traits are generally about * Collectivism vs. individualism * Operates in the macro system Emerging adulthood—why is adulthood emerging later in people now? * Extended education, marriage later, increased life expectancy, etc. * The forgotten half—who are they? Why are they left, what are the implications * No trigger word for his mom—always been that way means it’s probably a trait Lecture 3 Family Systems * What are the two life forces operating? Differentiation and togetherness * Differentiation—being independent, making yourself different from people around you * Togetherness—fitting in vs. standing out * Pseudo self=extremes. Detached, fused * A lot of significance of close and family relationships * 4 family roles—hero, scape goat, lost child, mascot Lost child—quiet, observant, inwardly focused, sees battle between hero and scapegoat. Goes into it but doesn’t get involved. * Mascot—instead of withdrawing, they try to ease it with humor—probs more anxious * See lecture notes * 3 kinds of influence—direct, indirect, and reciprocal * Parents yell at you, watching them yell at your siblings, as you’re being yelled at the way you respond impacts your parents * 2 types of anxiety—chronic and acute * Chronic anxiety produced in systems with a lot of conflict and that pushes you to be fused or detached * Cognitive distortions! Over gen, mind reading, all or nothing * Binding techniques for anxiety Unhealthy—alcohol, drugs, cutting, eating disorders, headaches/stomach aches, ways you respond to anxiety * Healthy—exercising, talking about it, reflecting, taking a nap, * List of things that highly differentiated people are in the lecture notes * Need to know them! * Triangle * Two people have a conflict and go to a third person to diffuse tension * Instability in that relationbringing someone else in to use them directly is unhealthy * 5 components of DE triangulating * Emotional neutrality—don’t take sides * Being supportive * Active listening * Facilitating problem-solving * Encouragement—resolve within the dyad * â€Å"let me talk to them for you† NO wrong meh * Paraphrasing and probing—repeating back what was said and asking questions * Baney listening skill clusters and barriers to active listeningJesse never calls home doesn’t want to explain grade afraid of disappointing them * Both chronic and acute * Which of these is not a way ppl try to bind anxiety—using drugs, over studying, hanging out with friends, alcohol,, none of the above, b and c * Answer was none of the above– Ladder of inference Race and ethnicity—difference in way Martia’s identity status is organized Healthy outcome for achievement of minority—bicultural achievement—learning to adapt to different situations as a protective measure. Others should embrace equality and differences. Diffusion and foreclosuremoratoriumachievement Categorization and identification * Automatic, based on stereotypes, includes a prototype

Summary of William Shakespeares Play As You Like It

Summary of William Shakespeares Play As You Like It This As You Like It summary is designed to help you unpick this complex play from William Shakespeare.  We bring the story together in a fun and accessible way for readers new to As You Like It. As You Like It – Summary of the Plot Before the play has begun, Duke Senior has been banished (joined by some loyal attendants and Lords) to live in the forest by his usurping brother Duke Frederick. Duke Senior’s daughter Rosalind has remained in Court on her Cousin Celia’s request and is being brought up as if she is her sister. Orlando is the youngest son of Sir Rowland de Bois and is hated by his eldest brother Oliver. Orlando has challenged the court wrestler Charles to a fight and Oliver encourages it as he knows that Charles is strong and Oliver wants his brother harmed. The Big Fight The fight is announced and Rosalind and Celia decide to watch the match but are asked to try and discourage Orlando from fighting Charles. When Rosalind speaks with Orlando she finds him to be very courageous and quickly falls in love with him. Orlando fights Charles and wins (it is unclear whether he is brave and strong or if Charles let him win out of loyalty to the family). Rosalind speaks to Orlando after the fight commending his bravery. She discovers that he is the son of Sir Rowland who was loved by her father. Orlando has fallen in love with Rosalind. Orlando is encouraged to leave as Sir Rowland was an enemy to Duke Frederick. Off to the Forest Le Beau, a courtier, warns that Duke Frederick has taken a dislike to Rosalind believing that she is more beautiful than his own daughter and that she reminds people of what he did to her father. Duke Frederick banishes Rosalind and Celia vows to go with her into exile. The girls plan to leave for the forest to find Duke Senior. They take the clown Touchstone with them for safety. The girls decide to disguise themselves in order to avoid being found out and for extra security. Rosalind decides to dress as a man – Ganymede, Celia poses as his poor sister Aliena. Life in the forest with Duke Senior is presented as contented though not without danger or hardship. Duke Frederick believes that Rosalind and his daughter have run away to find Orlando and employs Orlando’s brother; Oliver, to find them and bring them back. He does not care if Orlando is dead or alive. Oliver, still hating his brother, happily agrees. Adam warns Orlando that he cannot go home because Oliver plans to burn it down and cause harm to Orlando. They decide to escape to the Forest of Ardenne. In the forest, Rosalind dressed as Ganymede and Celia as Aliena with Touchstone meet Corin and Silvius. Silvius is in love with Phoebe but his love is unrequited. Corin is fed up with serving Silvius and agrees to serve Ganymede and Aliena. Meanwhile Jaques and Amiens are in the forest happily passing the time with singing. Orlando and Adam are exhausted and starving and Orlando goes off to find food. He comes across Duke Senior and his men who are about to eat a great feast. He aggressively approaches them to get some food but they peacefully invite him and Adam to eat with them. Love Sickness Orlando is preoccupied with his love for Rosalind and hangs poems about her on trees. He carves poems into the bark. Rosalind finds the poems and is flattered, despite Touchstone’s mocking. It is revealed that Orlando is in the forest and is responsible for the poems. Rosalind, as Ganymede, meets with Orlando and offers to cure him of his love sickness. She encourages him to meet with her every day and woo her as if she were Rosalind. He agrees. Touchstone has fallen in love with a shepherdess called Audrey. Audrey is bawdy and the couple are a foil to Orlando and Rosalind in that their love is unromantic, lusty and honest. Touchstone almost marries Audrey in the forest but is persuaded to wait by Jaques. Rosalind is cross because Orlando is late. Phoebe is followed on stage by the doting Silvius who is desperate for her love. Phoebe scorns him and Rosalind/Ganymede criticises her for being so cruel. Phoebe instantly falls in love with Ganymede, who tried to put her off by scorning her further. Phoebe employs Silvius to run errands for her, asking him to send a letter to Ganymede chastising him for being so rude to her. Silvius agrees as he would do anything for her. Marriage Orlando arrives apologising for his lateness; Rosalind gives him a hard time but eventually forgives him. They have a mock marriage ceremony and he promises to return in a couple of hours after joining the Duke for a meal. Orlando is late again and while Rosalind is waiting for him, she is given Phoebe’s letter. She tells Silvius to pass Phoebe a message that if she loves Ganymede then s/he orders her to love Silvius. Oliver then arrives with a bloody handkerchief explaining that Orlando is late because he wrestled a lioness in order to protect his brother. Oliver apologises for his wrong-doing and recognises his brother’s bravery and has a change of heart. He then notices Celia as Aliena and promptly falls in love with her. A marriage ceremony is arranged between Oliver and Celia/Aliena and Touchstone and Audrey. Rosalind as Ganymede gathers together Orlando and Silvius and Phoebe in order to resolve the love triangle. Rosalind/Ganymede asks Orlando; if she can get Rosalind to attend the marriage ceremony will he marry her? Orlando agrees. Rosalind/Ganymede then tells Phoebe to attend the marriage ceremony ready to marry Ganymede but if she refuses she must agree to marry Silvius. Silvius agrees to marry Phoebe if she rejects Ganymede. The next day, Duke Senior and his men gather to witness the wedding between Audrey and Touchstone, Oliver and Aliena, Rosalind and Orlando and Ganymede or Silvius and Phoebe. Rosalind and Celia appear as themselves at the ceremony with Hymen the marriage god. Happy Endings Phoebe immediately rejects Ganymede realising that he was a woman and agrees to marry Silvius. Oliver happily marries Celia and Orlando marries Rosalind. Jaques De Bois brings news that Duke Frederick left the court to fight his brother in the forest but instead found a religious man who encouraged him to give up the court and live a life of religious contemplation. He hands the court back over to Duke Senior. Jaques goes to join him to learn more about religion and the group celebrates the news and the marriages by dancing and singing.

Analysis of the Swamp in Psycho

Analysis of the Swamp in Psycho Adrian Secter Murder, Candy and Chains: An Analysis of the Swamp in Psycho â€Å" Show me a sane man and I will cure him for you.† — Carl Jung Understanding a swamp is to understand what exists in shadow. Not the shadow of night or shroud, but that of the mute. The marginal. To know the scene in Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho where Marion Crane’s corpse-filled car is disposed of, is to know the film. Bogs have always been a place in flux, the last remainder of a primordial ooze. They serve as a place where strange organisms, many of which cannot survive elsewhere, can breed and grow. The same holds true for ideas. For a man such as Norman Bates, the swamp affords him (and his mother) the luxury of anonymity. Removed from the scrutiny of dry land, the rigors of reality, Bates’ imagination does as swamp creatures do. It experiments, it mutates and most importantly, it uses its natural habitat to dispose of any outsiders who threaten it. Given that t he absorptive nature of the swamp scene is both literal and metaphorical, Michael Fried’s â€Å"Absorption and Theatricality† readily lends itself to this analysis. While Fried ostensibly concerns himself with Denis Diderot and 18 th century French paintings, the case he presents all but begs to be deftly applied to film. A plea heard anachronistically by Psycho . This 1960 film is replete with striking scenes, and indeed it could be argued that the movie is comprised entirely of such scenes. It is however, the alluded to â€Å"swamp scene† that is most pertinent. In this scene, Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins) hides the car that his most recent victim, Marion Crane (Janet Leigh). After murdering Crane in her motel room and disposing of all the evidence thereof, Crane’s body and 1957 Ford remain. Cleverly vanishing both corpse and car, Bates wraps Crane in a shower curtain, dumps her in the trunk and rolls the car into a nearby swamp. All of this expositi on appears fairly straightforward, and would be, were the film not directed by Alfred Hitchcock. With Hitchcock behind the camera, the scene is elevated beyond mere plot and into a realm worthy of Fried and analysis. The crucial point of this scene is that the only remaining proof of Crane’s murder, the car, does not go quietly into the swamp. In filming this descent of woman, Hitchcock positions the car on a controllable platform, allowing him to adjust the speed with which the car is lowered into the murky gloom. The car is swallowed up, but only piecemeal. At first it proceeds smoothly, as the muddy waters seep into the front of the car. Then it stops. Half of a bone-white car still sticks out of the darkness. The trunk, with Crane inside, stares back at a watchful Bates. He stares back, munching on candy corn. The water finds its strength again and consumes more of the car. Then it stops. The trunk lies like a Nile crocodile, its back above the water. On the shore, Bates continues watching. At last, the water covers the trunk and its morbid contents. The camera lingers on the last bubbles, expiring as they flee towards the shore.

Diabetes Melllitus Type II Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diabetes Melllitus Type II - Research Paper Example The Indian physician Sushruta in 400 B.C. described the sweet taste of urine from individuals affected with a disease called ‘sugar’. Around 250 B.C., the name â€Å"diabetes† was first used, meaning in Greek â€Å"to siphon†, reflecting the marked polyuria and loss of water in diabetes. The complete term â€Å"diabetes mellitus† was coined in 1674 by Thomas Willis, personal physician to King Charles II. Gradually the latin word for honey, â€Å"mellitus† was added due to its link with sweet urine (Settley, 1996). Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous clinical disorder with two major classifications: primary and secondary. Secondary diabetes is a condition when hyperglycemia (diabetes) is due to the complications of another disease. As per the latest recommendations of American Diabetes Association (2010) diabetes should be classified into four classes viz. I. Type 1 diabetes: Previously known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), since the patients require exogenous insulin for survival. Type I diabetes involves ÃŽ ²-cell destruction leading to absolute deficiency of insulin. According to ADA (2010), Type 1 diabetes could be described under two sub-headings – a) Immune-mediated - where the autoantibodies against ÃŽ ²-cells of pancreas destroy the islets of langerhans, b) Idiopathic diabetes – with no known cause of diabetes mostly seen in people of African or Asian ancestry. II. Type 2 diabetes: It represents 90-95% of all diabetes cases and presents with peripheral resistance to the effects of insulin or a defect in insulin processing/secretion. The disorder is also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), because insulin is not required for treatment in most of cases. It manifests at a later age (>40 years) that acquires it the third name -- late or ‘adult-onset diabetes’ and has a slow and silent onset. NIDDM is more commonly found in obese (particularly trunkal obesity) individuals and is