Ending Re

Closure Re-Write for On the Sidewalk Bleeding Essay Illustrious that he was assaulted Isnt it? Ants done nothing awful to anybody, hed get into the thunders, hurt a couple of hooligans yet he never executed anybody, or even hurt somebody genuine awful. On the off chance that no one but I could have been down there sooner, he would have gotten an opportunity. I Just got so made up for lost time about those prostitutes all over Gary, I really overlooked Andy. I was worried about my sibling and the issues that would excite with his better half, while my sweetheart was lying In a rear entryway, seeping to death, battling forever. Some sweetheart I was. What the ha$% Is this world coming to? Somebody more likely than not seen him. Somebody probably strolled past and saw the puddle of blood encompassing him. Is there no conventionality to enable a person to out? Evidently there Is most certainly not. The burial service was on Tuesday. Just eighty-nine individuals appeared. A piece of those individuals were his family, Including his mother, father and seven sibling and sisters. I dont comprehend why nobody came, I mean, he was popular, or so I thought. I saw some person In the In a Guardian Jacket. I couldnt help yet feel that he was distinctly there to ensure Andy was extremely dead. The administration Itself was done flawlessly. There was no notice of the Royals, or why he was killed. Id surmise that is on the grounds that Itd be unreasonably difficult for his folks to listen to straight of his perilous ways. They had no Clue about what he was Involved In. He pulled off the moms kid act rather well when he was around them. I surmise Itll all be uncovered to them now, that Is If the cops choose to engage with the case. By its hints however Itll be left as Just some other case off Royal being inadvertently murdered during one more road battle. Nobody appears to mind that Andy, my Andy, Is gone until the end of time. Sure theyre all tragic, however schools the same. The instructors most likely appreciate It, one less child they need to take care of, one less scoundrel slide In the school. Nobody knew Andy the manner in which I did, he was far beyond Just a Royal. Consummation Re-Write for On the Sidewalk Bleeding by Even Hunter. Composed from Laura (Ants sweethearts) perspective. By stepfathers_15 Ants gone, as if on the off chance that I hadnt sent him for those gigs that it wouldnt have stir with his better half, while my beau was lying in a rear entryway, seeping to death, battling forever. Some sweetheart I was. What the ha$% is this world coming to? Somebody more likely than not seen him. Somebody conventionality to enable a person to out? Evidently there isn't. Individuals were his family, including his mother, father and seven sibling and sisters. I dont fellow in the in a Guardian Jacket. I couldnt help however feel that he was distinctly there to ensure Andy was extremely dead. The administration itself was done flawlessly. There was no notice of the Royals, or why he was killed. Id surmise that is on the grounds that itd be unreasonably difficult for his folks to listen to straight of his risky ways. They had no clue about what he was engaged with. He pulled off the mothers kid act rather well when he was around them. I surmise itll all be uncovered to them now, that is if the cops choose to engage with the case. By its hints however itll be left as Just some other instance of a Royal being inadvertently executed during one more road battle. Nobody appears to mind that Andy, my Andy, is gone until the end of time. Sure theyre all pitiful, yet schools the same. The educators most likely appreciate it, one less child they need to take care of, one less heel slip in the school. Nobody knew Andy the manner in which I did, he was a great deal more

Calculating the young modulus of constanton Essay Example

Figuring the youthful modulus of constanton Paper Presentation Constanton is a copper-nickel amalgam basically utilized in the for its electrical obstruction properties. It has a high opposition which is consistent over a wide scope of temperatures. I am going to discover the Youngs modulus of this wire and watch its conduct. Device  Constanton Wire  G-Clamp x2  Pulley Hanging loads  Ruler  Micrometer  Small marker banner Wooden end squares  Sponge Blocks Underlying Theory When an example is twisted by a power, the distortion is relative to the extent of the power. This is appeared by Hookes Law where: Force is equivalent to a solidness consistent (k) times the expansion (e). The power is corresponding to the expansion. For an example we can likewise compute anxiety: Where stress is equivalent to drive (F) isolated by region (An) and strain is equivalent to expansion (e) partitioned by unique length (l). At the point when you plot these on a Stress-strain chart it demonstrates Hookes law when it is straight line however when the diagram bends, the example is indicating plastic disfigurement for what it's worth past as far as possible. Utilizing this diagram we can work out the Youngs Modulus of an example which is: This is additionally estimated in Nm-2 or Pascals (Pa). It can likewise be determined by working out the inclination on the pressure strain diagram. We will compose a custom article test on Calculating the youthful modulus of constanton explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Calculating the youthful modulus of constanton explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Calculating the youthful modulus of constanton explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer At the point when a wire obeys Hookes Law it distorts flexibly. This implies when the heap is evacuated, the wire returns back to its underlying length. The iotas in the wire move little good ways from their harmony positions yet then return. After as far as possible the wire begins to misshape plastically. The particles move inside the structure so they can't return when the heap is expelled. Estimations Throughout the investigation these estimations should be taken and watched:  Stress Force and surface zone  Strain Initial length and the augmentation  Youngs modulus  Percentage mistake blunder of each bit of hardware. Hookes law (F=ke) Method To quantify the Youngs modulus of constanton I will: 1) Set up the hardware as appeared. 2) Choose an appropriate area of wire from the genuine that doesnt seem bowed, turned or distorted. Measure the distance across of the wire with a micrometer before appending it to the loads. 3) Attach a marker banner so the augmentation can be estimated. 4) Start the examination by estimating the underlying length of wire and including the 100g loads and estimating the new length each time. 5) Record your outcomes in a table and plot a pressure strain chart utilizing these outcomes. Weight (g) Mass (N). Length (mm) Stress (Nm-2/Pa) Strain 6) Repeat the analysis multiple times or until you get a lot of comparative outcomes. Results Experiment 1 In the principal endeavor at ascertaining the youngs modulus of constanton I utilized 0. 44mm measurement wire with an underlying length of 500mm. I estimated both in millimeters since this would abstain from changing over units while figuring the strain of the wire (e/l). The wire possibly stretched out by 1mm when 1700g were added to it so I surrendered the trial and changed my strategy marginally to get more augmentation for mass. Investigation 2 I changed the measurement of wire used to 0. 23mm which is practically a large portion of the thickness than previously. By utilizing more slender wire we should see more expansion for the measure of weight included so we can quantify it with a ruler all the more without any problem. The underlying length of wire was likewise 500mm. At the point when I did the examination the wire end up being too meager on the grounds that as just 500g was added the wire began to show quick plastic distortion and kept on stretching out by generally 6% (30mm) of its unique length before the wire broke. Test 3 I changed the width again so I could record increasingly definitive outcomes. I utilized a distance across of wire in the middle of the breadths of the initial two trial (0.31mm) and an underlying length of 500mm. I still couldnt record too precise outcomes as the wire didnt broaden enough so I could just plot three focuses on a chart before it demonstrated plastic conduct. Further exploratory changes were required. Investigation 4 This time I changed the underlying length of wire used to 800mm from 500mm. This would intensify the expansion so I could gauge it with the ruler in light of the fact that the pace of augmentation would increment and furthermore the measure of expansion would increment. By expanding the underlying length of wire it would likewise diminish the rate mistake in the estimation of the wire with the ruler. The rate blunder goes from 0. 1% to 0. 063%. Trial 5 This was a rehash to check the exactness of examination 4. In this test I experienced a couple of issues. The bunch holding the weight holders on continued slipping and the outcomes found didn't coordinate the pervious example. Test 6 This was my third rehash of trial 4. This gave me a genuinely comparative arrangement of results to explore 4. Because of time limitations, no more analyses could be done to do a third rehash. Computations Using the width to work out the surface region. Let x = width X 10-3 = to change from millimeters to metresi 2 = to change measurement into range Then substitute it into the equation for the region of a circle. Change grams into Newtons for power. Which is equal to I 10  Changing Pascals (Pa) into Megapascals (MPa)  Working out slope to discover the Youngs Modulus. Charts To plot the diagrams I just plotted focuses where the wire stretched out by a millimeter on the grounds that the wire was reaching out between those focuses yet I was unable to take delicate enough estimations with a ruler. To plot the diagrams I additionally changed Stress from Pascals (Pa) to Megapascals (MPa) to make it simpler to plot on the chart. I likewise utilized the diagrams to work out the Youngs Modulus of the Constanton by finding the inclination of the chart before it arrived at as far as possible. Errors Here are a few factors that may have caused a few mistakes in my estimations: * The wire may contain pollutions that change the manner in which the wire carries on. This would not benefit from outside intervention. * By connecting a pointer you can influence the example by limiting the manner in which it carries on. To abstain from causing such a large number of errors use as slender a pointer as could be expected under the circumstances so there is as meager as conceivable contacting the example. The pulley wheel may cause grinding however this is the most reasonable method of changing over flat development into vertical.  There additionally might be twists or variety in cross sectional region in the wire. To limit the danger of this, dont utilize the initial not many meters of wire until you discover a segment that looks generally flawless. Rate Errors The fundamental wellspring of rate mistake is in the estimation of the breadth taken by the micrometer despite the fact that the micrometer is precise to I 0. 005mm and the ruler is just exact to I 0. 5mm. In tests 4, 5, and 6: % mistake of distance across = [ i0. 005/0. 31] x 100 = 1. 6% % blunder of length = [ I 0. 5/800 ] x 100 = 0. 06% Other wellsprings of rate mistake are: Diameter of the wire which is a case of vulnerability in the estimations. Genuine mass of the loads which is a case of orderly blunder. End Using tests 4 and 6 I had the option to work out my youngs modulus of Constanton by finding the inclination of the underlying straight piece of my diagram. Analysis 4 = 280GPa Experiment 6 = 240GPa The genuine estimation of the youngs modulus is 162GPa so I am out by roughly a factor of two. This isn't excessively far away from the genuine worth considering the enormous vulnerabilities engaged with my estimation method. To improve my exactness I would either need to improve my estimation strategies or change my technique totally. All in all, the strategy was full of feeling for exhibiting the effects of Hookes law however not for estimating precisely the youngs modulus of constanton. Adjustments in the Method  Attaching the pointer to the pulley stops the pointer coming into contact with the example of wire which could block misshapening yet on the off chance that the wire expands beyond what the pulley can quantify, at that point the trial won't work. Light up the pointer to deliver an amplified shadow of the development. This makes it simpler to see development and considers increasingly precise estimation anyway you have to figure and align amplification.  Use wire that isnt twisted cycle a genuine in light of the fact that it mutilated the beginning purpose of my bend. A run of the mill youngs modulus bend begins at the birthplace yet mine doesnt in light of the fact that initial scarcely any hundred grams was utilized to apply strain to the wire to twist out the bends.

Characteristics and Qualities of Heroism

Characteristics and Qualities of Heroism Theories Personality Psychology Print The Characteristics of a Hero What makes someone a hero? By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 28, 2019 Oivind Hovland / Getty Images More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology What characteristics or qualities make a person a hero? Is there a hero gene? According to one recent study, the answer might rest in what type of heroism we are addressing. Researchers have found that people who had engaged in one-time acts of bravery (like rushing into a burning building or rescuing someone from the path of an oncoming train) are not necessarily that much different from control groups of non-heroes. By contrast, people who engage in lifelong heroism (such as professional nurses who regularly comfort the sick and dying) do share a number of important personality traits such as empathy, nurturance, and a need to live by a moral code. Definitions of Heroism The scientific study of heroism is a relatively recent topic of interest within the field of psychology. Researchers have offered different definitions of exactly what makes a hero, but most suggest that heroism involves prosocial, altruistic actions that involve an element of personal risk or sacrifice.   Researchers Franco, Blau, and Zimbardo suggest that heroism involves more than just this, however. In their definition, heroism is characterized by: Actions that are done in service of others who are in need, whether it is for an individual, a group, or a communityActions that are performed voluntarilyThe individual recognizes the potential risk or sacrifice they are making by taking these actionsThe heroic individual willing accepts the anticipated sacrifice they are makingThey engage in these actions without any expectation of reward or external gain?? The Characteristics of Heroism Researchers also do not necessarily agree about the central characteristics that make up heroism. One study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology suggested that heroes have 12 central traits which are: Moral integrityBraveryConvictionCourageSelf-sacrificeSelflessnessDeterminationInspirationalHelpfulProtectiveHonestyDetermination The psychology of heroism might not be well understood, but many experts do believe that it is possible for people to learn to be heroes. The following are just a few of the major characteristics that researchers have ascribed to heroes. Heroes Are Concerned With the Well-being of Others According to researchers, empathy, and compassion for others are key variables that contribute to heroic behavior. People who rush in to help others in the face of danger and adversity do so because they genuinely care about the safety and well-being of other people. One study found that people who have heroic tendencies also have a much higher degree of empathy. People who engage in acts of heroism feel concern and care for the people around them and they are able to feel what those in need of help are feeling. The Benefits of Empathy Heroes Are See Things From the Perspective of Others Researchers suggest that heroes arent just compassionate and caring; they have a knack for being able to see things from the perspective of others. They can walk a mile in another mans shoes, so to speak. When they encounter a situation where an individual is in need, they are immediately able to see themselves in that same situation and see what needs to be done to help. Heroes Have Useful Skills and Strengths Clearly, having the training or physical ability to deal with a crisis can also play a major role in whether or not people become heroes. In situations where would-be rescuers lack the know-how or sheer physical strength to make a difference, people are less likely to help or are more likely to find less direct ways to take action. And in many cases, this approach is probably best; after all, people senselessly rushing into a dangerous situation can pose even more difficulties for rescue workers. People who are trained and capable, such as those with first aid training and experience, are more ready and able to step up when their skills are needed. Heroes Have a Strong Moral Compass According to heroism researchers Zimbardo and Franco, heroes have two essential qualities that set them apart from non-heroes: they live by their values and they are willing to endure personal risk to protect those values. Their values and personal beliefs give them the courage and resolve to endure risk and even danger in order to adhere to those principles. Heroes Are Competent and Confident It takes both skill and self-confidence to rush in where others fear to tread. Researchers suggest that people who perform heroic acts tend to feel confident in themselves and their abilities.?? When faced with a crisis, they have an intrinsic belief that they are capable of handling the challenge and achieving success no matter what the odds. Part of this confidence might stem from above-average coping skills and abilities to manage stress. How People Become More Resilient Heroes Face Fear A person who rushes into a burning building to save another person is not just extraordinarily brave; he or she also possesses an ability to overcome fear. Researchers suggest that heroic individuals are positive thinkers by nature, which contributes to their ability to look past the immediate danger of a situation and see a more optimistic outcome. In many cases, these individuals may also have a higher tolerance for risk. Plenty of caring and kind people might shrink back in the face of danger. Those who do leap into action are typically more likely to take greater risks in multiple aspects of their lives. Heroes keep working on their goals, even after multiple setbacks. Persistence is another quality commonly shared by heroes. In one 2010 study, researchers found that people identified as heroes were more likely to put a positive spin on negative events. When faced with a potentially life-threatening illness, people with heroic tendencies might focus on the good that might come from the situation such as a renewed appreciation for life or an increased closeness with loved ones.?? The decision to act heroically is a choice that many of us will be called upon to make at some point in time. By conceiving of heroism as a universal attribute of human nature, not as a rare feature of the few “heroic elect,” heroism becomes something that seems in the range of possibilities for every person, perhaps inspiring more of us to answer that call, write heroism researchers, Zeno Franco, and Philip Zimbardo. A Word From Verywell Researchers have found that in a lot of ways, heroes are not all that different from most people. However, there are a number of skills you can build that can boost your hero characteristics. Building empathy, becoming competent and skilled, and being persistent in the face of obstacles are all abilities you can work on over time. By doing so, you can improve your ability to help others and come through in times of need.

Dumont Surname Meaning and Family History

Dumont is a French topographical surname meaning from the mountain, from the Old French du mont, meaning of the mount. Dumont is the 46th most common last name in France. Dumond is a common variant. Surname Origin: French Alternate Surname Spellings: DUMOND, DUMONTE, DUMONDE, DUMONTET Famous People with the Surname Dumont Alberto Santos-Dumont -  Brazilian aviation pioneerEleanore Dumont  - one of the first known professional blackjack players in America; known by the pseudonym Madame MoustacheJean-Franà §ois-Benjamin  Dumont  de Montigny - officer in the French colonial military; Louisiana historianAllen Balcom DuMont - American electronics engineer,  scientist  and  inventorGabriel Dumont  - Canadian indigenous leader of the Mà ©tis peopleJules Dumont dUrville  - French naval officer and explorerMargaret Dumont (born Daisy Juliette Baker) - American stage and film actress Where the Dumont  Surname Is Most Common According to surname distribution from  Forebears, the Dumont surname is most prevalent in France, where it ranks 57th most common in the nation, but there are more Dumonts in Belgium (ranked 40th) based on the percentage of the population. Dumont is also fairly common in other countries with French-speaking populations, such as Canada (342nd) and the Ivory Coast (432nd). Surname maps from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  indicate the Dumont surname is especially common along the border of France and Belgium, including the French regions of Picardie, Haute-Normandie, and Nord-Pas-de-Calais, plus the Belgium region of Wallonie. Dumont is also somewhat common in Luxembourg, Canada, and Switzerland. As it is of French origin, Dumont is also fairly prevalent in Quebec, Canada, as well as the U.S. states of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. Genealogy Resources for the Surname Dumont French Surname Meanings and Origins: Does your last name have origins in France? Learn about the various origins of French surnames and explore the meanings of some of the most common French last names.How to Research French Ancestry: Learn about the various types of genealogical records available for researching ancestors in France and how to access them, plus how to locate where in France your ancestors originated.Dumont Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Dumont  family crest or coat of arms for the Dumont surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.DUMONT  Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Dumont  surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Dumont query.FamilySearch - DUMONT Genealogy: Explore over 700,000  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Dumont surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.DistantCousin.com - DUMONT  Genealogy Family History: Explore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Dumont.GeneaNet - Dumont  Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Dumont surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Dumont Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Dumont  surname from the website of Genealogy Today. References Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

The Essay Topics for Class 8 Diaries

The Essay Topics for Class 8 Diaries Gun ownership ought to be tightly controlled. Attempt to consider what age is fantastic for students to date with one another. The folks who think Obama made an excellent president are the exact same men and women that are now starting to say that Bush was a fantastic president. The folks who think Warren would earn a fantastic president are the exact men and women who think Obama made an excellent president. The 30-Second Trick for Essay Topics for Class 8 Conclusion It takes quite a lot of determination to develop into a best student. Even though it's common, student has to find right to become superior grades. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. Change them depending on your requirements. The Ultimate Essay Topics for Class 8 Trick At length, review what you've written. Everyone in their class wishes to be their buddies. Children should have to read more. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. Parents of bullies should need to pay a fine. Conclusion Parents must understand their son or daughter can't attain excellence by himself. Essay Topics for Class 8 Secrets Writing about nuclear weapons is always a great idea. Question 4 (a) In the subsequent passage, there's a word given in the brackets fill in each one of the blanks numbered 1 to 10 the appropriate kind of the word and don't copy the full passage. Because it isn't hard to do things habitually. Simply review your primary points and offer reinforcement of your ideas. The Upside to Essay Topics for Class 8 Let's have a peek at negative effect of cell phones. If you're using mobile phone for extended hours daily it may create serious health problems. Essay Topics for Class 8 Explained If you don't believe that you have sufficient ideas about how to proceed with the essay, it's prudent to drop the topic straight out. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. It is somethi ng no one can guess which topic is going to come. Persuasive essay is also called the argument essay. Life is far better than it was 50 decades ago. Moreover, it would likewise be far better choose one where you have some experience in. The concepts discussed are still pertinent to anybody that has a GOAL IN MIND. For this reason, you must deal with the time for your studies. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Essay Topics for Class 8 This list of topics may offer a notion which you can get excited about. You should make sure that you're very interested in the topic before you are able to persuade others about it. The very best benefit of social media sites is for the students. Take assistance from the hints provided. Essay Topics for Class 8 - the Story ICSE class 8 is among the essential classes in school. You are going to be able to carry out well only when you're physically and mentally fit. When it's unclear, don't be afraid to ask. Things You Won't Like About Essay Topics for Class 8 and Things You Will Inside my experience, descriptive essays are only difficult in regards to deciding just what things to write about. It is far better pick a topic in which you have your interest, and you may present new ideas by studying the appropriate literature currently offered. Deciding on your topic isn't that easy. Despite the ideal teacher, you will probably need more help outside the classroom to acquire through the more challenging concepts and topics. Each body paragraph is going to have the exact standard structure. As soon as it is great in the event the topic gestates out of your own head, it's always alright to have a peek at a number of the sample suggestions and topics. In the event you were assigned with a particular subject, make it even more thought-provoking by deciding upon a fresh perspective and an original stance. The same as the research writing the collection of the research topic is a difficult matter to do. In the majority of instances, you will need to develop a topic which will enable other people to realize your perspective, and telling them to feel that what you write is true. Another reason is to observe how well students argue on unique views and demonstrate understanding of the studied subject. Often college students get into lots of stress to get the ideal topic for the essay. Or, set a thesis statement, and leave the remainder of the introduction for later. Every family needs to have a all-natural disaster survival program. A physician's career is the work related to providing medical treatment to patients suffering from injuries and diseases, for example, description of standard therapies. There are lots of new method of communication that have made our life so straightforward and easy going. Irrespective of how much you'll be taking that day, there are a few ways that can help you get through the essay with a very low quantity of stress. Typically, a structure of ess ay contains three primary sections, in other words, introduction, body, and conclusion. Set your objective first, and think of a means to write it in an intriguing manner for your readers to relish. Next, you have to think about the method on how you need to relay it to your readers. The reader ought to be impressed by the manner in which you defend your ideas.

B. F. Skinner and Behavior Conditioning Free Essays

Behavior conditioning is viewed as a significant psychopathological influence that extends beyond the concept of psychoanalysis and sexual psychology. Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) considers the concept of conditioning as comprehensive type of learning wherein behavioral changes are manipulated rather than intrinsically stimulated. According to the article of Moore (2002), behavior conditioning of Skinner gives rise to two primary components: (1) the biological foundation of behavior manipulation through hormonal systems and other physiologic relations (e. We will write a custom essay sample on B. F. Skinner and Behavior Conditioning or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. neurologic functioning, genetic relationships, etc. ), and (2) the occurrence of the behavioral event. Behavior conditioning is the indirect manipulation of activities in order to elicit a behavioral response or behavioral pattern. B. F. Skinner’s idea of behavior conditioning revolves in his concept of Operant Conditioning, which is a type of learning process wherein stimulation of behaviors illicit behavioral modifications. According to the article of O’Donohue and Plaud (1994), Skinner’s behavioral conditioning involves a mutual relationship between the strengthening and weakening effects rendered by environmental consequences. The mutual relationship between (1) reinforcement and (2) punishment is directed by a stimulus control. According to B. F. Skinner, â€Å"human behavior is not a simple machine-like product of a stimulus, but is something dynamic, changing and in flux, as the environment is in influx†. Behavior conditioning of B. F. Skinner, indeed, constitutes environmental reinforcements and punishments that set the behavioral trends of a human being. Discussion Behavioral Conditioning The psychological activities fostering behavior in an individual are said to be dynamic, ever changing and mutually linked with the external forces of the human environment. Skinner has observed early on that a large part of our behavior is not automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus. According to Moore (2002), the concept of behavioral conditioning is associated to the process of survival wherein a human being is directed to a specific pattern of behavior in order to foster adaptation towards the changing environment. Skinner’s operant conditioning can be viewed as a diverse behavioral process that evolves and influences the individual’s survival during its lifetime by facilitating the adaptation towards the environment (Moore, 2002). The consequence behavior is the result of the individual’s way of adaptation towards the environment. In the process of the individual’s adaptation, the â€Å"environment in turn acts back on the behavior and on the individual: both are changed as a result of reciprocal behavior-environment interchange (Skinner, 1953)†. According to Burgess (1997), Skinner’s idea of behavior conditioning comprises of three perceivable components that explain to the process of behavioral modification. These elements are (1) the inner activities of behavior, (2) nature of inner behavior, and (3) the role of the environment. Inner activities include the cognitive processes and activities (e. g. thinking, problem solving, decision-making, etc. ) that an individual performs prior to the adaptation of behavior. Meanwhile, the nature of inner behavior is assessed whether the individual’s behavioral change is due to the evolution of society or external environment (phylogenetic) or genetically acquired (ontogenetic). Lastly, the environment facilitates the learning atmosphere that reinforces the permanent change of behavior in the individual (Burgess, 1997). In application of this theoretical proposition, the behavioral transformation of 12-year old that initiates a bullying behavior at school is first established by an inner assessment of self and environment. The child analyzes the capacity of his strength over the others in the class, and then further internalizes the nature of his preferred action. Reinforcers of this behavior can either be other classmates influencing him to bully others or his intrinsic psychological desire to bully others. In a well-appropriate environment where the subject is regarded as the strongest, the chance of producing a bullying behavior to 12-year old boy is more likely (Burgess, 1997; O’ Donohue and Plaud 1994). As for the analysis above, behavior conditioning is therefore affected by three major components, namely (1) the inner self, (2) the environment and (3) the process of behavioral adaptation. However, according to Moore (2002), another contributing factor to consider is the biological foundation of behavior. In Moore’s (2002) argument derived from Skinner’s behavioral conditioning, the influence of hormonal and genetic compositions is another perspective of behavior modifications. â€Å"The science of behavior is concerned with behavior directly selected according to phylogenic contingencies, via inherited genetic mechanisms (Moore 2002)†. The contributions of genetics to causal behavioral events are said to be due to the sensitivity of nervous function to environmental stimulation. Skinner suggests that some behaviors dominating in an individual are not externally fostered, rather elicited only by the environment or other forms of reinforcements (Moore 2002). Components of Behavior Conditioning B. F. Skinner’s view of behavioral conditioning comprises of diverse factors, specifically (1) the material environment during the lifetime of the individual organism (Moore 2002), (2) inner activities and nature of a behavior – phylogenetic (Moore 2002; Burgess 1997), (3) the Gene-Behavior relationship (Moore 2002), and (4) the reciprocal behavior-environment interchange (O’ Donohue and Plaud 1994). In these four contributing factors of behavior conditioning, Skinner, in his operant conditioning, has proposed two essential balancing components: (1) positive reinforcements (rewards), and (2) negative reinforcements (punishments). Operant conditioning involves the functional relationships between behavior events and environmental events. Consequent behaviors can be demonstrated by systematic and controlled changes in the environment. To Skinner, â€Å"there are three-term contingency that exemplifies the relationship among antecedents, behavior and consequences. † Most activities that human beings perform socially provide the context for other people to react according to these activities in one way or another; thereby, initiating consequences of behavior. Such principle is also true in terms of physical environment through the presence of reinforcements, specifically reward systems and punishments. According to Skinner, â€Å"behavior is governed to some degree by reinforcement, which can be organized in endless variety of ways according to reinforcements and punishments. † In addition by Moore (2002), reinforcements largely depend on the environmental settings and the behavioral nature present in the individual. Negative and positive reinforcements act as the behavior leverages that manipulates an individual’s behavior. According to O’ Donohue and Plaud (1994), behavior conditioning and the basic elements of reinforcements and punishments are defined as the Law of Effect responsible for manipulating both desired and undesired behavioral practices. The main emphasis of behavior modification is to reinforce behaviors that are valuable, and negate those behavioral patterns that are not appropriate. In operant conditioning, the individual’s behavior operates on the environment and determines the occurrence of reinforcements as contingent to the behavioral conditioning. According to Moore (2002), reinforcements are interrelated to the individual’s survival and adaptation. â€Å"Operant conditioning occurs when the probability of a response in the presence of an antecedent stimulus increases because of the prior consequences of the response in the presence of the stimulus in question (Moore 2002)†. Skinner’s view of behavioral conditioning identifies covert, implicit or private events as contributing factors to the mutual relationship between stimuli and the influence on behavior response. Conclusion In conclusion of the study, B. F. Skinner in his idea of behavioral conditioning emphasizes behavior as a consequence of the relationship between environment and behavioral events. Conditioning behaviors is facilitated by manipulating the external reinforcements, specifically reward systems and/or punishments, derived from the different contributing factors. Behavior conditioning revolves in various contributing factors, namely (1) the inner and nature of behavior, (2) physical environment, (3) biochemical processes of behavior, and (4) reciprocal behavior-environment interchange. Consequent behaviors are product of the individual’s adaptation in his environment as a form of survival mechanism. References Jensen, R. , Burgess, H. (1997). Mythmaking: how introductory psychology texts present B. F. Skinner’s analysis of cognition. Journal of Psychological Record, 47, 221-227. Moore, J. (2002). Some Thoughts on the Relation between Behavior Analysis and Behavioral Neuroscience. Journal of Psychological Record, 52, 261-266. O’Donohue, W. , Plaud, J. (1994). The Conditioning of Human Sexual Arousal. Journal of Sexual Behavior, 23, 221-228. How to cite B. F. Skinner and Behavior Conditioning, Papers

The Great Inflation Essays - Reparations, Treaty Of Versailles

The Great Inflation In late-1922 the German government were forced to ask the Allies for a moratorium on reparations payments; this was refused, and she then defaulted on shipments of both coal and timber to France. By January of the following year, French and Belgian troops had entered and occupied the Ruhr. The German people, perhaps for the first time since 1914, united behind their government, and passive resistance to the occupying troops was ordered. A government-funded strike began as thousands of workers marched out of their factories and steel works. The German economy, already under massive pressure, gave way. The huge cost of funding the strike in the Ruhr and the costs of imports to meet basic consumer needs were met by the familiar expedient of the printing presses. Note circulation increased rapidly, and by November 1923 had reached almost 92 trillion marks. With less than three per cent of government expenditure being met from income and with the cost of one dollar at four billion marks, Germany was in the throes of economic and social chaos. Starvation became a reality for millions of people, despite a bumper cereal harvest, as shops reverted to the barter system. Farmers refused to accept the effectively worthless, banknotes in exchange for grain, and food quickly began to run short in the cities. Prices rose one trillion-fold from their pre-war level. More importantly, for the long-term political future of Germany, the middle and working classes saw their savings wiped out. These were, in essence, the people who were later to become the hard-core of the Nazi vote. Economists will argue that runaway hyperinflation has two sources. Firstly, it arises through a fall in the foreign exchange value of a currency, when an adverse balance of payments reduces foreign investors demand for the currency. A falling exchange rate increases the cost of imports and, therefore, the cost of living. Wages rise as workers try to maintain their standard of living, especially if previous institutional arrangements have linked wages to living costs. Firms paying higher wages raise the price of the goods they sell, prices rise still further, the foreign exchange value of the currency falls still more, and the cycle continues. Secondly, it arises through a large budget deficit which no one believes will narrow in the future. Faced with the prospect of budget deficits for many years to come, the usual sources of credit available to the government decline to make further loans; the government can no longer borrow to cover the deficit between revenue and expenditure. The only alternative is to print more and more banknotes. As government workers and suppliers present their bills to the Treasury, it pays them off with newly-printed pieces of paper. This puts more banknotes into the hands of the public and they then spend them. In Germany, as we have seen, the problem was that there were trillions of marks worth of paper currency in circulation. Prices could rise one thousand times between a worker being paid and his reaching the shops. A common analogy used is that if one could afford a bottle of wine today, one should keep the empty bottle which would be worth more tomorrow than the full bottle was today. Eventually, the power to boost government spending by printing money goes. When the government can no longer gain, even in the short-term, a budgetary balance through inflation, the situation becomes so intense that stabilisation through a currency board, a new finance minister or a link to the gold standard is implemented, and reform can be successful. It was at this point that some sanity was injected into the German economy by the election of Gustav Stresemann. He called a halt to resistance in the Ruhr, and set out to stabilise the mark. Luther, Stresemann?s Finance Minister, introduced the rentenmark the value of which was based on Germany?s staple, rye, rather than gold. In fact the rentenmark represented a mortgage on Germany?s land and industry, which could never be redeemed. It did not matter. The point was that the currency was stabilised and became exchangeable at a rate of one billion old marks to one new mark, and at the pre-war parity of

PSY 330 Week 2 DQ1 Essay

PSY 330 Week 2 DQ1 Essay PSY 330 Week 2 DQ1 Essay This pack of PSY 330 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 Neurobiology shows the solutions to the following problems: Select one of the following options for this discussion. Indicate in your post which option you are responding to. Option A: Review this week Psychology - General Psychology Neurobiology Select one of the following options for this discussion. Indicate in your post which option you are responding to. Option A: Review this week’s reading, which introduced the role of neurotransmitters in human behavior and personality. Use the Ashford University Online Library to locate one peer-reviewed research study which was published in the last five years and that implicates a neurotransmitter as the cause of an abnormal behavior (psychological disorder). Clearly indicate in your discussion: a. The abnormal behavior being studied. b. The neurotransmitter that is implicated. c. The role of the neurotransmitter in the expression of the abnormal behavior. Your initial post should be a minimum of 250 words and utilize at least one peer-reviewed source that was published within the last five years, cited according to APA guidelines as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Guided Response: Review several of your classmates’ posts. Respond substantively to two peers who chose a different neurotransmitter or abnormal behavior than you did. Address the role of the neurotransmitter in the expression of the abnormal behavior that they each selected. Are there other possible explanations for the cause of this abnormal behavior? Which explanation do you think makes the most sense? Why? Option B: Review this week’s reading, which introduced the impact of early trauma on function and personality development. Use the Ashford University Online Library to locate a peer-reviewed research study which was published within... Click this link Now for Complete Course - https://bitly.com/1ruc8U7 Develop good, long lasting relationships with professors. Your number one resource in college is your professor, and they are able to provide you with a lot of assistance. Lend a hand if appropriate and don't hesitate to ask questions or request assistance. When you have a positive relationship with professors, you will have endless opportunities. Psychology - General Psychology Neurobiology Select one of the following options for this discussion. Indicate in your post which option you are responding to. Option A: Review this week’s reading, which introduced the role of neurotransmitters in human behavior and personality. Use the Ashford University Online Library to locate one peer-reviewed research study which was published in the last five years and that implicates a neurotransmitter as the cause of an

Battle of Salamis in the Persian Wars

Battle of Salamis in the Persian Wars The Battle of Salamis was fought in September 480 BC during the Persian Wars (499-449 BC). One of the great naval battles in history, Salamis saw the out-numbered Greeks best a larger Persian fleet. The campaign had witnessed the Greeks pushed south and Athens captured. Regrouping, the Greeks were able to lure the Persian fleet into the narrow waters around Salamis which negated their numerical advantage. In the resulting battle, the Greeks badly defeated the enemy and forced them to flee. Unable to supply their army by sea, the Persians were forced to retreat north. Persian Invasion Invading Greece in the summer of 480 BC, Persian troops led by Xerxes I were opposed by an alliance of Greek city-states. Pushing south into Greece, the Persians were supported offshore by a large fleet. In August, the Persian army met Greek troops at the pass of Thermopylae while their ships encountered the allied fleet in the Straits of Artemisium. Despite a heroic stand, the Greeks were defeated at the Battle of Thermopylae forcing the fleet to retreat south to aid in the evacuation of Athens. Assisting in this effort, the fleet then moved to ports on Salamis. Athens Falls Advancing through Boeotia and Attica, Xerxes attacked and burned those cities that offered resistance before occupying Athens. In an effort to continue resistance, the Greek army established a new fortified position on the Isthmus of Corinth with the goal of defending the Peloponnesus. While a strong position, it could be easily outflanked if the Persians embarked their troops and crossed the waters of the Saronic Gulf. To prevent this, some of the allied leaders argued in favor of moving the fleet to the isthmus. Despite this threat, the Athenian leader Themistocles argued for remaining at Salamis. Frustrations at Salamis Offensively-minded, Themistocles understood that the smaller Greek fleet could negate the Persian advantage in numbers by fighting in the confined waters around the island. As the Athenian navy formed the larger component of the allied fleet, he was able to successfully lobby for remaining. Needing to deal with the Greek fleet before pressing on, Xerxes initially sought to avoid fighting in the narrow waters around the island. A Greek Trick Aware of discord among the Greeks, Xerxes began moving troops towards the isthmus with the hope that the Peloponnesian contingents would desert Themistocles in order to defend their homelands. This too failed and the Greek fleet remained in place. To promote the belief that the allies were fragmenting, Themistocles began a ruse by sending a servant to Xerxes claiming that Athenians had been wronged and wished to switch sides. He also stated that the Peloponnesians intended to depart that night. Believing this information, Xerxes directed his fleet to block the Straits of Salamis and those of Megara to the west. Moving to Battle While an Egyptian force moved to cover the Megara channel, the bulk of the Persian fleet took up stations near the Straits of Salamis. In addition, a small infantry force was moved to the island of Psyttaleia. Placing his throne on the slopes of Mount Aigaleos, Xerxes prepared to watch the coming battle. While the night passed without incident, the following morning a group of Corinthian triremes was spotted moving northwest away from the straits. Fleets Commanders Greeks ThemistoclesEurybiades366-378 ships Persians XerxesArtemisiaAriabignes600-800 ships Fighting Begins Believing that the allied fleet was breaking up, the Persians began moving towards the straits with the Phoenicians on the right, the Ionian Greeks on the left, and other forces in the center. Formed in three ranks, the Persian fleets formation began to disintegrate as it entered the confined waters of the straits. Opposing them, the allied fleet was deployed with the Athenians on the left, the Spartans on the right, and other allied ships in the center. As the Persians approached, the Greeks slowly backed their triremes, luring the enemy into the tight waters and buying time until the morning wind and tide (Map). Greeks Victorious Turning, the Greeks quickly moved to the attack. Driven back, the first line of Persian triremes was pushed into the second and third lines causing them to foul and for the organization to further break down. In addition, the beginning of a rising swell led the top-heavy Persian ships to have difficulty maneuvering. On the Greek left, the Persian admiral Ariabignes was killed early in the fighting leaving the Phoenicians largely leaderless. As the fighting raged, the Phoenicians were the first to break and flee. Exploiting this gap, the Athenians turned the Persian flank. In the center, a group of Greek ships managed to push through the Persian lines cutting their fleet in two. The situation for the Persians worsened through the day with the Ionian Greeks being the last to flee. Badly beaten, the Persian fleet retreated towards Phalerum with the Greeks in pursuit. In the retreat, Queen Artemisia of Halicarnassus rammed a friendly ship in an effort to escape. Watching from afar, Xerxes believed that she had sunk a Greek vessel and allegedly commented, My men have become women, and my women men. Aftermath Losses for the Battle of Salamis are not known with certainty, however, it is estimated that the Greeks lost around 40 ships while the Persians lost around 200. With the naval battle won, Greek marines crossed and eliminated the Persian troops on Psyttaleia. His fleet largely shattered, Xerxes ordered it north to guard the Hellespont. As the fleet was necessary for the supply of his army, the Persian leader also was forced to retreat with the bulk of his forces. Intending to finish the conquest of Greece the following year, he left a sizable army in the region under the command of Mardonius. A key turning point of the Persian Wars, the triumph of Salamis was built upon the following year when the Greeks defeated Mardonius at the Battle of Plataea.

Investment Valuation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Investment Valuation - Coursework Example We highly recommend buying the property. With the growing redevelopments in the Moorfoot area, a large number of investors in all sectors are likely to get attracted. This will generally increase the value of the buildings. The rent is likely to increase bringing in more profit. This report outlines the achievable amount of income that can be expected from leasing the property over a given period of 15 years. It will stipulate probable and effective ways to determine the market value of the property. It focuses more on Moorfoot new development considering the current issues and tendencies that can be subjected due to such redevelopment. Economic and financial aspects are considered in the valuation of the property and the general effect of the construction. The building being under construction and the first phase will be completed by mid-2015 while the rest by 2016. This enhances the determination of the maximum achievable rent and at the same time giving the actual value for selling the other part. Moor chambers is a mixed property use situated in Moorfoot area. The building is composed of two phases; the first part being office apartments and is projected to reach completion by mid-2015 while the rest part of it to be completed by 2016. Its first phase will be majorly retail while the adjacent segment will be available for sale by 2016. The property is available for purchase from the SWIP Property Trust To obtain the most probable market value for the above mentioned property while at the same time give an expertise view of the market quotation in terms of the best price to sell the rent and sell property. This report is for the sole purposes of the above named together with the professional advisors of the client. It should be relied on by no other person and for no other purpose than that stated. Neither the whole nor any part of this report or any

Early Childhood Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Early Childhood Education - Research Paper Example Learning a second language improves the knowledge and awareness of the child. The similarities and differences between the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar of the languages would help him to understand the sounds, the words, and the rules for constructing a sentence in the most standard way. Moreover, researchers have proved that learning a new language bring several other qualities in children. It would build the foreign language comprehension and speech of children and would also improve the English verbal and listening skills. Early language study has much to do with the student’s higher performance in basic skills. New language learning also would strengthen the math and analytical skills of children. Moreover, learning foreign language would increase the exposure of the children to new cultures and different backgrounds and shall raise the self esteem of children. Learning Additional Language in Schools Coming to the case of learning languages, experts are of the opi nion that learning should start from schools and colleges. It is always not practical to teach adults as they may not have sufficient time and mentality to learn a new language. Learning a language is completely different from learning other matters. Surveys and research has come up with the conclusion that children are better learners as far as language learning is concerned. Governments (in most EU countries) are insisting to start the language class at schools and colleges so that children when they become adult citizens would be able to use it properly. Citizens who speak more than one language are really an asset to the nation. So parents and educational institutions are interested in adding a foreign... As the discussion declares learning a second language improves the knowledge and awareness of the child. The similarities and differences between the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar of the languages would help him to understand the sounds, the words, and the rules for constructing a sentence in the most standard way. Moreover, researchers have proved that learning a new language bring several other qualities in children. It would build the foreign language comprehension and speech of children and would also improve the English verbal and listening skills. Early language study has much to do with the student’s higher performance in basic skills. New language learning also would strengthen the math and analytical skills of children. Moreover, learning foreign language would increase the exposure of the children to new cultures and different backgrounds and shall raise the self esteem of children.According to the report findings  learning a language is completely differen t from learning other matters. Surveys and research has come up with the conclusion that children are better learners as far as language learning is concerned.  Language teachings can a part of the curriculum or it can be a part of extracurricular activity in the school syllabi. Learning must start from the lower class itself as it would take few years to learn a language.  Native people will have difficulty in accessing such people and may have communication problems when dealing in such areas.

Social Media Effecting Political Democracies World Wide Media Essay

Social Media Effecting Political Democracies World Wide Media Essay This paper will attempt to distinguish the connections between democratization and information and communications. The relationship will be addressed by focusing mainly on how the advancement of technology, in this case social media, has effected, and is effecting, political democracies world wide. In order to discuss the connections of democratisation and social media I will first attempt to provide a definition for democracy and the process of democratization. The essay will further discuss different scenarios in various countries that have either led to the declination of political empires, or assisted the rise of a political party, through the involvement of social media. Furthermore, these views will be supported by discussing the contrasting views of a cyber-utopian versus a cyber-cynic, i.e. Clay Shirky versus Evgeny Morozov, respectively. Democracy and its roots In order to understand democracy, it needs to be defined and like most concepts it is relative, like Clinton once quoted depends on how you define democracy. According to Ivo Mosley democracy is government by and for all the people which literally means the people rule'. However the definition has evolved through history, which is why it is necessary to backdate to its origins tracing it into the present. (Charles Tilly, 2007, Democracy, Cambridge University Press, New York). The word democracy originates from a Greek word demokratia and literally means people-power and this in itself is ambiguous. The ambiguity of the term aroused questions such as; did the power actually belong to the masses or specific qualified individual citizens? Many theorists believed that the word demokratia was a term exploited by enemies of democracy, said to be the elite class who were against being out voted by laymen who were classed to be economically and socially inferior. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_01.shtm) However, over the centuries democracy rose, fell and varied in character, where and when it multiplied (Charles Tilly, 2007). In the 18th century despite not being defined as democracy, the US showed interest in experimenting with the doctrine of natural freedom and equality. Their Constitution administrated a government elected by the masses and took into account to protect civil rights and liberties to some extent. (Jacqueline Newmyer, Present from the start: John Adams and America, Oxonian Review of Books, 2005, vol 4 issue 2). By the 19th century many European regimes adopted the Greek democratic model. They made effort to provide equality and citizen rights. Democracy, as a concept, can be molded according to local needs, however is not a blueprint that can be copied and pasted in all regions of the globe. It did, however, gain popularity around the 20th century; after WWII many new countries came into being due to decolonization, when democracy as a concept caught on, not because it was a norm the world valued, but because it was used as a weapon against the threat of communism. This was also the basis of the onset of the cold war. It was the war of ideologies, and democratization of the newly independent states begun. As Potter stated why has democratization been a strong impulse in some countries, a weaker or non-existent impulse in others? (1997, Democtatization, Blackwell, pg.1) He then defined democratization as political changes moving in a democratic direction (pg 3). Webster (2011) stated in his lectures that democracy is on the march, majority of the worlds states are now democratic. Amartya Sen (1999) defined democracy as A un iversal value. According to freedom house (2006) 47% of countries in the world are classified as free. Though the statistics show that the concept of democracy is being enforced around the globe, it is difficult to adapt in some parts of the world. North Korea being one of the controversial cases where they state that the country is officially the democratic peoples republic of Korea. According to modern economists North Korea is strikingly different as it is cut off from the existing world as they live in their own separate reality, where the leaders of the country maintain complete control and the masses have restricted freedom of expression; anyone opinionated against the regime can be detained. Many theorists including Potter and Barber discuss the existence of different political regimes in terms of strong and week democracies, also known as liberal and partial economy that lead to either the rise or the fall of economies. The USA being a prime example a capitalistic and democratic country enforcing democratization on nations as a tool to gain world dominance, or even to maintain their existing status as the global super-power. However the means of public expression, which is being enhanced through the internet and its various means of communication, is becoming a more accurate form of democratic thought. Social networking sites such as Facebook, Orkut, Hi5, Twitter, and even blogs has evolved to allow civil society to become more active in the governance in its countries. It has encouraged the process of bringing about a tool that enhances democracy through the true will of the people, even in strong dictatorship regimes. Within research, academics have attempted to explore civil society to explain processes of democratization by reference to societal context (laurence white head, 2002, democratization, theory 7 experience, oxford univeristy press). Macmillan defines civil society as the part of society that consists of organizations and institutions that look after people, their health and their rights. It does not include government of the family e.g NGOs, research institutes, e.t.c. http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/civil-society This leads to an interesting concept explored by Habermas which reflects suspicions on markets ability to answer democracys needs the public sphere concept that aids civil society to communicate. It focuses on social democratic perspective on information and society. Where citizens can get together and freely express their opinons. Webster lecture 2011). Benkler (2007:123) foucses on internet as one of the strong mediator to public sphere. which then gi ves birth to the rise of social media in playing a vital role in deciding the faith of these democratic nations. Gary C. Gibson December 20, 2007 a bloggist defined Democracy is about individual liberty and political primacy; corporatism and other forms of neo-authoritarianism such as socialism are about the primacy of collectives under the authority of elites. Another bloggist Rahman Haq March 21, 2008 stated Democracy is a beautiful concept not particularly for its denotative implication that puts the majority opinion into context but rather due to the values and ideals that constitute the bundles of liberties derivative of the concept. While Rayne Brit may 13 2008 commented that One of the most fantastic parts about democracy is freedom of speech everyone likes freedom of speech unless someone speaks in contradiction to them. But that is the beauty of our constitution it allows diversity of opinion. http://www.helium.com The key elements in this process of a public sphere are communication and information. How important are these to democracy and what is the link between them? The power of Communication/Information and the birth of social media In the modern society we live in, communication and information have rapidly built great importance and brought about a turning point in different sectors. (McNair, 2006:1). The information society plays a vital role in the development of the modern social analysis (webster, (2004), The Information Society Reader Routledge). The fast paced wide spreading of globalization and the rising of the network society have led this modern society to heavily depend on them, impacting the society to rely on informative communication networks that possess knowledge and views to either built or unbuilt trust, the decisive source of power. Power being the utmost important process in the society. (Communication Power, Manuell). According to Webster (2004, 2) in the wider society, the idea that we are entering a new information age, or knowledge society, is a common place. Max Weber defines social power as the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will, despite resistance, regardless of the basis on which this probability rests (1978,53). The ideology of social democracy a leftists political philosophy, which seeks to reform capitalism in line with principals of social justice, while upholding capitalistic approach of production, instead of creating a an entirely new socialist economic system has been the essence of debates of information. When analyzed it prominently points out the disadvantages of capitalism when providing information to its viewers: thereby suggesting that the market creates diversion, gossip and trivia, while being inadequate to supplying reliable news. In retaliation, the social democratic approach would recommend the state to intervene to make sure that the information requirements delivered to the public could be adequately met. Hence, it is understood as social democratic because of the inclination of the state intervention. A policy as such could be considered, by many, an inescapable introduction to tension seen as many of the advocates are impressionable to the growing of the spin within the literate society, the development of what they have galvanized as an antagonistic market to its inadequacies. Moreover Webster criticizes the argument that the market cannot be relied upon to produce information required to support a healthy democracy. A clear example that supports the argument of subjective and questionable informative medium is the invention of Wikipedia. A popular multilingual encyclopedia promoting free content and writers to contribute to this content from around the world. What makes it interesting is that anybody can edit an article, given the right references, using a wiki markup language eventually leading to a well balanced article including all the pros and cons. Even though Cass Sunstein10 and Brian Leither, 11 oppose citing Wikipedia, Sunstein (in Webster about Sunstein, 2006:2), states Wikipedia as an example of collective intelligence. Thus, indicating the decrease in the necessity of a public sphere. Ludovic Denoyer, Patrick Gallinari, Volume 40 Issue 1, June 2006 ACM New York, NY, USA This clearly emphasizes on Friedrich Hayeks theories of defending the free market system. He supported the principle that every human has rights and is free to make their choices. He argued against that the public sphere concept as he believed that all actions made by the consumers give messages to the market that are later adapted by them, he argued in favor of capitalism, Hayek (2002:8). Jimmy Wale stated Hayeks work is central to my own thinking about how to manage the Wikipedia project. However John Gray (1948) belonged to the conservative group who argued that free market can destroy order. He argued it is most obvious that changing the diverse world economy, on the basis of the singular model of the free market, would be an impossible task to carry out. The diversity of cultures around the world should be a self-evident reflection of the global varied economies. Thereby it would be safe to state that all economic systems are imperfect; no one system is universal, thus any attem pt to do so would result in a disaster. Yet the fantasy that the free market can and should be adopted throughout the world became for a while a litmus test of sound thinking, not only on the neo-liberal right but also in the ranks of the center left. http://www.scribd.com/doc/7221539/John-Gray-on-Free-Markets-Not-for-the-First-Time In the modern Information Age that we have entered, there is an effort to enhance brainpower by globally providing informarmation services and by implemention the power of computation as and when needed http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/what_is_internet.html. Technological innovations have given birth to information and communication mediums like television, radio, telephone etc. but one of the most powerful and upcoming media tool, a contribution to the network society is the Internet. This is considerably different from the old traditional ways, this allows more interactivity and many-to-many communication, rather than one-to-many. (THE PUBLIC SPHERE, SOCIAL NETWORKS AND PUBLIC SERVICE MEDIA, Petros Iosifidis, 31 January 201). This impacts the youth mainly gen Y and Z the focal users of this platform when they find overflowing information and rely on just this medium for rational. Murru (2009, p. 143) contributes to this thought by adding, in online contexts anyone can potentially take the role of speaker with practically no cost, thus multiplying the source of news and freeing the flux of communication and information from any sort of system control (economic or political). Webster (2010) discusses that this overflow can lead to fragmentation of users creating information cocoons that filter undesirable information. According to Losifidis (2010) the ever existent Habermasian concept of the national public sphere as discussed earlier is now said to have given birth to a multi-dimensional platform of online and social networks. The idea of networking is not new; Websters dictionary dates the term to 1940. However these networks are now rapidly growing to become significant in engrossing and influencing citizens and also playing a vital role in the communication process within which realistic and legitimate discussion takes place. He further argues that the internet and new media in terms of social media is being mis represented by extreme exaggeration and it represents technological optimism due to reasons like chaotic open to all policy, censorship, inclusiveness, partisan content, and most importantly the absence of the very essence of the public sphere extensive dialogue and critical discussion. As social media is the new phenomenon taking over the world it is giving birth to new jargons like infosphere, blogosphere, twittersphere. Participants find this platform as an ideal place to start discussions mainly on public debate and social change. Stumpel (2009) in contrast emphasizes that these new online forums, which allows people to unite in discussions to exchange veiws and knowledge either political or economical even critical in nature portrays a patten of similarity to Habermass concept of the public sphere. He argues that forums like facebook, twitter, myspace and other net spheres are public places that are outside state control where public-minded rational consensus can be developed. This widespread of information is worrysome for some. Webster (2004:76) stresses that the society must prevent them from being misled as technological developments are always socially mediated. Fukuyamas fears that over flow of information in the society will substitute the traditional community based on religion, tradition, race or culture with the modern community based on a formal social contact among rational individuals (ibid:7) But can the Net act as a public sphere where critical discourse can emerge and influence political action? The power of Social media and it effect on democracy As we experience the rise of the communication platform, there seems to be a tremendous increment in the participants to engage in public speeches which is portrayed through blogsphere and more interestingly different events have contributed to the public taking collective action by using these advance technology mediums. In 2001, when the congress voted to protect the President of Philippines President Joseph Estrada and set aside crucial evidence against him, the citizens of Philippines in anger protested against their corrupt president. Just as the decision was announced, they arranged a rally Go to EDSA wear black to mourn the death of democracy through simple forwarded text messages which later counted close to seven million. Shortly millions of people arrived, causing a shutdown of traffic in Manali. This ability of the public to arrange such a tremendous response threatened the legislators of the country and they allowed the evidence to be presented. In 3 days on this protest Estrada was gone. this was the first time social media had aided to play a part in a democratic nation to lead to a downfall of a national leader. Estrada himself blamed the text-messaging generation for his downfall. (clay shirky) Since then this strategy has been on the roll. A similar case took place In Spain in 2004 after the Madrid train bombing where text messages aided to the downfall of Spanish Prime Minister Josà © Marà ­a Aznar who inaccurately blamed basque separatists for the act while the protesters who belived that it was the doings of Al Queda forwarded the phrase who did it and arranged anti-govenment rallies on the day before the spring election http://mason.gmu.edu/~cuytioco/papers/edsa2cellphones.pdf. The Communist Party lost power in Moldova in 2009 when massive protests coordinated in part by text message, Facebook, and Twitter broke out after an obviously fraudulent election. It is widely discussed by many theorists that the internet has provided an open channel of free communication of information that has come to be known as social media tools, which would include the very popular social networking websites such as Facebook and Twitter. Facebook initially being invented as a means for introduction amongst university students and further networking is now rapidly becoming notorious for open communication for people to connect their political views and thoughts. Another example is that of the Twitter Revolution In Tunisia, in reaction to a street hawker setting himself on fire, for which it was banned in the country. The revolt was being rallied and coordinated through the social site ultimately bringing protesters to the streets, and tolling up to 70 people being shot by the police.. Consequently, the revolution led the president of Tunisia to abandon his post. Tunisia has only been the initial instigation of this fire which is spreading throughout the Middle East and Northern African countries. These sites are now fuelling younger generations to turn away from broadcast media one-to-many communication of information and through the inclination towards these sites finally becoming more involved in voicing their opinions via the many-to-many communication of information amongst themselves. A further result of this is evident in the reaction of the Libyan government as they have banned the social media sites, such as Twitter and Facebook, from their local internet services on state orders. The radical action can be interpreted that even the libyan state is beginning to recognize the extent to which these media tools are evolving to becoming a loud voice echoing in the public spheres. One of the main roles that has been played by the social media is that of a watchdog and whistleblower. Furthermore in many other cases public has taken aid from these social media tools to succeed in their protests. Another social media phenomenon that is gaining popularity widely in whistle blowing is through viral media. A prime example is the major protest and lawsuits the Catholic Church faced for child abuse and rape. In 2002 The Boston Globe exposed sexual abuse in the church that spread like viral online in just a few hours. Furthermore there are so many cases now that can be found on a new social platform Wikileaks. According to BBC it is a whistle blowing website now actively effecting news. Anonymous submission are published and leaked on different area of debate. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-10757263 According to shirky (2010) The potential of social media lies mainly in their support of civil society and the public sphere. As I mentioned earlier that these tools can either aid or fail in helping the activists protest, many such cases have failed to produce positive results like in March 2006 in Belarus streets were full of protest which was arranged partly by email against their President Aleksandr Lukashenkos for vote rigging however the activists failed which led to the president to actively control social media. Similarly in 2009 during the month of June when the green movement was rising the activists in Iran tried very hard by using to protest against the miscount of votes for Mir Hossein Mousavi by using all sorts of technological coordinating tools but failed miserably. The use of social media tools text messaging, e-mail, photo sharing, social networking, and the like cannot be foreseen or predicted to any foretell outcome. Thus, any attempts to create an outline on their respective effects in the political arena are more often than none to duelling anecdotes. Let us take a look at Barrack Obamas presedentail online campaign of 2004 for instance. Castells (Volume II, 2004:379) states that it is also highly used in politics by describing Obamas internet campaign as an example. The use of social media tools enabled Obama to initially overcome a large portion of the presidential nominating race; and his ability to embrace the social networking sites, such as MySpace and Facebook, was considered different which became advantageous to his campaign. This approach was considered so successful that according to Professor Thomas Patterson of Harvard University, Mr Obamas use of social media tools has led to mobilise younger generation. This has been consi dered a group which has traditionally been uninterested in politics, according to. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7412045.stm This makes us wonder do these digital tools enhance or destroy democracy? Cyber-Utopians vs. Cyber-Cynics Cyber-utopian optimist Clay Shirky in his paper The Political Power of Social Media, that appeared in the foreign affair magazine, (http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/01/politics_and_internet) makes a great distinction between the insturmental view and the environmental view of inetrnet freedom. He describes the instrumental approach as a means to avoid states from aiding censorship of external websites like, youtube, google, e.t.c. and thereby focuses more on the public spheres, emphasizing on the citizens speech and all the uses of digital media by private and social standards. An example that supports this was the call for anti-censorship software by Hillary Clinton, Americas secretary of state, in January 2010. This would particularly support the usage of sites such as Wikipedia and Google in states like Iran; give Burmese activists the freedom to blog without interference to blog; allow the Chinese public to utilise the use of instant messaging systems without being mon itored, among many others. However the challenges of anti-censorship software programs like Freegate and censorship-circumvention softwares like Haystack portray the hardship to weaponize social media to pursue country-specific and near-term policy goals. Many would argue that instrumental media overestimates the value of one-to-many form of communication information i.e. broadcast media while at the same time underestimating the value of many-to-many form of media communication of information i.e. social media tools including the internet. Instrumental media does provide a modest benefit to the freedom of information that it provides -confidential government information can get leaked through the open channels of information however it does not extend to the freedom of speech or assembly, which in turn the internet does provide. The popular belief about social media is a long-term tool to strengthen the civil society and the public sphere. The environmental view is the contradictitary outlook to internet freedom. A ground basis for internet freedom and environmental view is the gradual development of the public sphere which works like a forum of open to all opinions while relying on conversation information and media. Contrary to the Wests self-acclaimed view of holding the source code for democracy, the environmental view would assume that minor change occurs in political spheres without adoption of the ideas and opinions which circle in public sphere. The viewpoint professes that the access to information does not play as big of a vital role as the access to conversation. Furthermore, a public sphere is more likely to emerge as a result to the masses dissatisfaction towards economic factors in a country rather than some obscure political ideals. In contrast to Shirky, the cyber-cynic Evgeny Morozov disagrees, and states that while social media may have helped, its not clear how much it actually contributes. According to an article in the Guardian that analysed Morozovs The Net Delusion, he argues that, if read between the lines when praising technology and its advancements, you can decypher a misinterpretation of the internets political role and potential, through the combination of ignorance and a sense of utopianism. This idea was further elaborated to state that if careful measures are not ensued, the democratising power of new media will not promote democracy and freedom of thought, but an entrapment of authoritarian regimes around the globe. Critisizng cyber-utopianism, Morozov further believes that contrary to popular belief the internet is not emancipatory, and supports it through the arguement of the widely misguided belief in the example such as the one of Twitter-powered Green Movement of Iran in 2009 (pointing out figures that on the actual eve of the said elections, the participating numbers did not rise above 20,000 users), stretching it to larger heights of naive hopes that international exposure through the new media will bring a diminishing result of violence in areas around the world such as that of Africa and the Middle East. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/jan/09/net-delusion-morozov-review Morozovs arguement emphasizes the insignificant contribution of the social media tools whereas Shirky promotes the idea that however small the contribution may be the governments should accept it and promote the communication of many-to-many as it is an aspect of democracy. With the growing numbers of the West where social networks such as Twitter and Facebook are used among the masses, in the East it is only a smaller percentage that have access, or the ability, to use it. Having said that, no matter how insignificant the numbers may appear to be at this point in time Shirkys arguement brings more to the debate as it is an escalating factor which supports the point that the public sphere, through social media tools, do play a rising role in todays democratic states around the world. Morozovs arguement supporting misguided beliefs about the cyber-utopians who cannot bring about any change in world, can also be refuted that in the short-run it may not display acute figures of revoluti on supporters, or how it affects political stance, but in many countries where the social media tools is used on a day-to-day basis it surely can take the initial step to creating awareness which could, in the long-run, create a stir in a mass so large that it cannot be ignored by any democratic country. These tools probably do not hurt in the short run and might help in the long run and that they have the most dramatic effects in states where a public sphere already constrains the actions of the government. Through the promotion of pro-democratic tools put forth by the government it is also aiding authoritarian governments to track down any revolts, while infiltrating social networks and propogating their own agenda, and out-smarting their beleaguered citizens. However, the debates tend to culminate in stalemate whenever put to discussion. Access to information is far less important, politically, than access to conversation. Authoritarian governments stifle communication among their citizens because they fear, correctly, that a better-coordinated populace would constrain their ability to act without oversight. Add to essay where ever required According to Marsha Mcluhan this world is now a global village. With the spread of globalization or as Herbert Schiller (1919-2000) would term it as Americanisation there has been a rise in the technological advancement hand in hand.Webster (2010, chapter 2:20) states that globalization is leading towards the irrelevance of a public sphere, or even to the establishment of multiple public sphere. Globalization of democracy said to be western and a form of imperialism. Fernand braudel commented (1902-85) thorugh globalization there is a homogeneity of cultural practices. A more tolerant framework within the society. Yet events like the Danish Cartoonist in 2006 who drew the forbidden drawing of the Holy prophet in an insulting manner led to unrest around the world or like the event posted up on Facebook in 2009 draw Muhammed day yet again let to unrest in the muslim world speacially Pakistan where the govenment was part of the protest to delete such an offensive page makes one think ho w far true are these motions of tolerance. However thinkers like Ronfeldt (in Allison, 2002:39) claims that the internet will not divide the world, but that it will provide community, democracy, empowerment, wealth and peace. Robins and Webster (1999:226) speak of a cyberculture on the internet with its endless circuit of communication that will create global cities. The cyber-culture has also given birth to e-democratisation which leads to e-govenment and e voting. however democracy demends to surville if all votters are eligible. it aso questions wheather bloggers are now acting as e democracts. However some critizise it by calling it couch potate politics.. Castells (2001:117) further adds that digital divide is a result of virtual communities that is another form of escapism. Conclision Carruthers (2000:201) argues that the global distribution and access of all modern technologies (telephone, radio, television and the internet) must first be continued and improved before we can truly speak of its global or universal effects However, if one scrutinizes the numbers involved in the actual protests, or what leads up to them, according to Morozovs The Net Delusion one cannot be entirely sure as to the extent of influence the uprising has towards the respective governments in the countries in question; the revolt in Iran in 2009 which was caused by Twitter it was said, however according to numbers tracked the number of users on the set day of election did not rise over 20,000. Shirkys arguement refutes these statements though stating that the numbers are escalating and the masses have found an efficient and free channel to communicate amongst themselves, and the result . This instrumental view of the matter where the state intervenes with censorship may cause a further uproar and more use of softwares created to slip through the crack; softwares such as Freegate and Haysmarket. It only seems to be a matter of time before the time bomb of the social media tools will explode and cause an uncontrolable uproar that even the strongest of states cannot even handle.

Career Development Essay

In my profession as a career counsellor I will take a holistic approach to a client’s circumstances. It is important, I think, not only look at a clients career path but also to examine a clients life as a whole. Through this process, I believe, a superior decision making process will take place. To achieve this aim I will use Parson’s trait and factor (Chapter 2 Trait and Factor Theory, Applying Career Development Theory to Counselling, Richard Sharf 2006), Super’s life-span (Chapter 8, Late Adolescent and Adult Career Development, Applying Career Development Theory to Counselling, Richard Sharf 2006) and Kelly’s constructivist theories (Chapter 10, Constructvist and Narrative Approaches to Career Development, Applying Career Development Theory to Counselling, Richard Sharf 2006). I have chosen option one for my paper because this is the beginning of the counselling process. The initial contact with the client is important and sets the tone for the rest of the counselling process. The quality of the initial contact and information gathering that comes from that is invaluable to the decision making process. I will identify assessment, problem identification and formulation, and goal setting from the phases outlined in option one and discuss these from a counselling phase, practitioner beliefs, theory, and worksite perspectives. Assessment Practitioner Beliefs In the assessment stage the very foundation of the counselling function begins. Through using solid counselling skills such as making good eye contact, asking open ended questions, using continuation responses and expanding techniques I would begin to form a picture of the client’s abilities, values, personality, and interests. This process would be enhanced by the introduction of testing into the formula. The holistic approach I would advocate serves to better the client’s needs as whole, not just career related needs, and also serves as a reminder that every client is unique and has developed an exclusive view of the world and his or her relation to it. The use of eclectic theories, drawing on elements from more than one theory, is paramount in attaining the best possible results for the client and also in maintaining the holistic approach. By using theories in combination I would seek to minimize any weaknesses in any one of them. Trait and Factor Theory In the assessment phase I believe it is important to uncover where a client’s career and life choices have taken them to date, what their current aspirations and desires are and, how they see the future for themselves as a holistic endeavor. In Sharf p. 25, Applying Career Development Theory to Counselling, trait and factor is said to be â€Å"the assessment of characteristics of the person and the job†. This theory is fundamental to Parson’s trait and factor theory and represented the genesis of the career development profession, although it was known as that at the time. Parsons developed a three point process he called â€Å"vocational guidance† in which he saw a one-on one process. This theory, I believe, underpins the whole process of career development theory and, therefore, career counselling. In a counselling situation the client’s broad goal is to seek a better life for his or herself, in uncovering a client’s traits and factors a platform is built on to which the rest of the counselling function relies. Life-span Theory Super, as quoted by Sharf on p. 203 of Applying Career Development Theory to Counselling, (life-span theory) â€Å"makes use of two major concepts: life role and life stage. He espouses that important roles for an adult are, studying, working, community service, home and family, and leisure activities. The importance of these roles to an individual is governed by a person’s participation in the activity, commitment to the activity and how much the activity is valued. In gauging the salience of these factors, at a given time in the client’s history, we can discern his or her attitude to these factors at various stages of their lives. In counselling my emphasis would be on the attitude of the client at the present time and the projection of what it is likely to be in the future. Constructivist Theory On p. 63-264 of Sharf, Applying Career Development Theory to Counselling, Kelly is quoted as stating â€Å"individuals’ careers are a major means of giving one’s life role clarity and meaning. † He also proposes that each individual creates a unique perspective of their world and from this develop values around not only work but life as a whole. If one is to assist a client in achieving, the broad goal, of a better life then looking at life as a whole t hrough their own unique perspective is imperative. Worksite  At this stage of the process the client may or may not have a clear picture of what the worksite may look like. While his or her feelings over this issue are important it is relevant to consider that, in the case where a client does have a picture of a workplace, it may change as the counselling process develops. It is also important to recognize that the client may formulate an ideas around this subject at any time during the counselling process. Problem Identification and Formulation Practitioner Beliefs In my view if the preceding steps are applied with skill and thoroughness any existing problems will become evident. Having identified these problems it is necessary to formulate strategies to overcome them. Problems that may arise are lack of education, incongruence’s in attitude toward family life and the work world and self esteem issues to name but a few. Specific strategies to solve these problems are beyond the scope of this paper and I will therefore confine myself to procedures to uncover them and the theories that can be applied in formulating solutions, not the solutions themselves. Theories Having established the general traits of a client, i. e. abilities, values, personality, and interests, I would employ Super’s life-span theory and Kelly’s constructivist theory to continue to build on the platform established by trait and factor approach. In depicting a clients values by undertaking an exercises such as Super’s â€Å"life-career rainbow† an image forms as to the salience of life roles. These are child, student, leisure, citizen, worker and homemaker. The rainbow pictorially shows which of these elements has been important to the client and when. In addition I would employ the procedures, outlined in Kelly’s constructivist theory, the vocational reptest, laddering techniques and vocational card sets on a case by case basis. I have personal experience of a vocational card set when I completed the â€Å"Personality Dimensions† test at our local career counselling establishment. I found it invaluable in defining both my career objectives and revealing the kind of activities I should not consider undertaking. The question of formulating strategies for solving any inherent problems with a clients work/life roles I would engage in life space mapping as outlined on p. 1-73 from â€Å"Life Space Exploration and Description† by U. Beck in the course reading file. This interactive exercise serves as a brainstorming sessions and greatly assists the problem solving process. Worksite Having assessed the client fully and identified and solved any problems the client should be developing at least the genesis of an idea of what the worksite may look like. In order to bolster this I would encourage the client to engage in some research as to what may reasonable available to him or her. At this point I would suggest resources with labour market information such as www. orkingincanada. gc. ca, www. makingcareersense. org and www. workinfonet. bc. ca . I would strongly suggest that the client commit to having informational interviews with people in the fields of endeavor they are interested, congruently I would undertake some research of my own with a view to assisting the client. Goal Setting Practitioner Beliefs In order for a client to effectively follow a chosen career path it would be incumbent on me assist him or her in developing meaningful goals toward that end. It would be necessary to explore, with the client, the who what and where of their goal setting. I would assist the client in defining specific tasks, such as an informational interview, and outline with whom and when and follow up with the client to get feed-back on his or her experience. I would suggest to the client that building a network of people who are engaged in pursuits congruent with his own aspirations would be helpful. I have gleaned these values from my experiences with our local career counselling organization and have found them very beneficial to my aspirations. Theory The career mapping strategy as previously outlined would also be of value in etting the goals necessary to achieve the change the client has been seeking through counselling process. The theory that informational interviews and networking can be of great assistance, although not in any book I have read, are practiced at our local career counselling organization and have met with success. Worksite In my role in assisting a client to achieve their goals and make the change he or she desired in seeking counselling, I would play a supportive role by following up, with interest, on a clients progress. I would reinforce the idea of networking since a large percentage of positions are never advertised.  If a client is struggling to make the change he or she desires it may be efficacious to revisit one or both of the two previous phases. Conclusion I have assumed, in this paper that a client, seeking employment counselling, recognizes in him or herself the necessity for change. I see my role in the equation as one of exploration, guidance, and as source of information. In the exploration and guidance aspect of the relationship I would use an eclectic approach employing elements from different theories. I believe that this approach will lead to satisfying results for both the client and myself.